The Arid West Water Quality Research Project
1997 Conference
April 23-25, 1997
(Selected Conference Materials)
Bibliography with Selected Annotations
General References
Agency Documents
Statutes and Regulations
Federal Register Documents
Additional Data Sources
(Journals and Academic Literature)
General References
Anderson, B. and R. Ohmart. 1985. Riparian
revegetation as a mitigating process in stream and river restoration.
In: The Restoration of rivers and streams: theories and experience,
Butterworth Publishers, Boston, pp. 41-79.
Summary of data taken on the lower Colorado River with techniques
for revegetating desert riparian areas. Compares overall and itemized
costs for the two types of irrigation systems tested, plus estimates
for a hypothetical case.
Arthur, John W. 1988. Application of laboratory-derived criteria
to an outdoor stream ecosystem. International Journal of Environmental
Studies 32 : 97-110.
Arthur, John W., et al. 1983. Effects of diazinon on macroinvertebrates
and insect emergence in outdoor experimental channels. Aquatic
Toxicology 4 : 283-301.
Asplund, K. and M. Gooch. 1988. Geomorphology and the distributional
ecology of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) in a
desert riparian canyon. Desert Plants 9 (1) : 17-27.
Recruitment of Fremont cottonwood in the canyon area of Burro
Creek was found to depend on geomorphological features and flood
refugia rather than on the absence of grazing. Distributions and
germination requirements of other riparian trees are discussed
in relation to geomorphological processes.
Baird, K. 1989. High quality restoration of riparian ecosystems.
Restoration and Management Notes 7 (2) : 60-64.
Identifies several factors that are critical for successful restoration
of riparian ecosystems, including details on weed control, the
importance of soil, flora, and the criteria for success.
Bax-Valentine, V., L. Preator, and J. Hess. 1990. Feasibility
of stormwater for recharge in the Las Vegas Valley. In: Hydraulics/Hydrology
of Arid Lands (H2AL). American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
pp. 379-384.
The cost to capture recharged stormwater is approximately $4.00
per thousand gallons. Water and soil chemistry were not evaluated
in this analysis, but could be limiting factors in some areas.
Public health and safety factors are also important considerations.
Maintenance cost must also be factored into any future analysis.
Botterweg, Joke and Jacqueline Risselada. 1993. Toxicity assessment
of effluents in the Netherlands: implementation, problems and prospects.
The Science of the Total Environment 1993 Supplement: 1105-1113.
Bradbury, Steven. 1991. Interim wildlife criteria: assessment
of screening level values. In: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology and Office
of Research and Development, Office of Environmental Processes and
Effects Research, Environmental Research Laboratory - Duluth.
Bryan, Kirk. 1928. Change in plant associations by change in
groundwater level. Ecology 9 (4): pp. 474-478.
Uses historical references to show change in the San Pedro River,
Arizona, from shallow cienegas with few deep cuts to an intermittent
stream with a deeply cut, wide, sandy bottom. Suggests that the
cause is primarily a change to a drier climate, further accelerated
by over-grazing of the watershed.
Bumgardner, Jim, et al. 1993. Use of Monte Carlo techniques
to assess POTW compliance with EPA water quality criteria for heavy
metals. Water Environment Research 65 : 674-678.
Burkhard, L.P., E. Durhan, and M.T. Lukasewycz. 1992. Identification
of nonpolar toxicants in effluents using toxicity based fractionation
with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry
63 : 277-283.
Carothers, S.W., G.S. Mills, and R.R. Johnson. [n.d.]. Creation
and restoration of riparian habitat in Southwestern arid and semi-arid
regions. Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the
Science. Island Press, Covelo, California. pp. 351-366.
Important considerations for riparian creation or restoration
projects in the Southwest include depth to water table; soil salinity
and texture; amount and frequency of irrigation; effects of rising
and dropping water tables on planted trees; protection from vandalism,
off-road vehicles, and livestock; monitoring of growth rates as
well as survival; and project design flexible enough to allow
for major modifications. Because the creation and restoration
of riparian habitats in the Southwest is new and mostly experimental,
more information is needed for virtually every aspect of revegetation.
Three major questions that need to be answered are whether planted
trees survive for more than a few years, whether they reach expected
sizes, and what ranges of planting parameters are most cost-effective.
Specific information needs include the identification of the most
suitable watering regimes; suitable soil conditions for various
tree species; long- term survival and growth rates; and effects
of variable water levels on planted trees.
Collins, James P., et al. 1981. Impact of flooding in a Sonoran
desert stream, including elimination of an endangered fish population
(Poeciliopsis O. Occidentalis, Poeciliidae). Southwest Naturalist
26 : 415-423.
Cornell, H.V. and J.H. Lawton. 1992. Species interactions,
local and regional processes, and limits to the richness of ecological
communities: a theoretical perspective. Journal of Animal Ecology
1-12 :1-13.
Crouse, M. and R. Kindscky. 1984. A method for predicting riparian
vegetation potential of semiarid rangelands. In: Proceedings
of the 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short Course, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon. pp. 18-24.
The author has developed a key for classifying stream and reservoir
riparian habitat potential in semi-arid rangelands in Oregon,
such as persistence of stream flow, extent of water level fluctuation,
and stream gradient and soil type.
DeBano, L., J. Brejda, and J. Brock. 1984. Enhancement of riparian
vegetation following shrub control in Arizona chaparral. Journal
of Soil and Water Conservation 39 (5) : pp. 317-320.
Brush-to-grass conversions in Central Arizona chaparral at 1000-1560m
elevation with mean annual precipitation 53-71cm resulted in water
yield increases in both duration and amount of stream flow delivered
from these watersheds over a 20-year period.
Dhaliwal, Bhupinder S., Roger L. Dolan, and Robert W. Smith. 1995.
A proposed method for improving whole effluent toxicity data
interpretation in regulatory compliance. Water Environment
Research 67: 953-963.
DiGiano, F.A., R.F. Christman, and J.F. Storm. 1989. Tentative
identification of organic compounds at the Westside Wastewater Treatment
Plant (High Point, NC) and implications for aquatic toxicity.
Completion Report #245. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information
Service.
Eagleson, K.W., et al. 1990. Comparison of measured instream
biological responses with responses predicted using the Ceriodaphnia
dubia Chronic Toxicity Test. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
9: 1019-1028.
Fenner, P, W. Brady, and D. Patton. 1985. Effects of regulated
water flows on regeneration of Fremont cottonwood. Journal
of Range Management 38 (2) : pp. 135-138.
Detailed analysis of river flow and the effects of damming along
the Salt River on the existing cottonwood population. Also covers
the relationship between river flow and seed dispersal.
Fisher, Daniel J., et al. 1995. The acute whole effluent toxicity
of storm water from an international airport. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 14: 1103-1111.
Flynn, Kevin C. and Tim Williams. 1994. Watershed management
enters the mainstream. Water Environment and Technology 6:
36-40.
Fort, Douglas and Enos L. Stover. 1995. Impact of toxicities
and potential interactions of flocculents and coagulant aids on
whole effluent toxicity testing. Water Environment Research
67: 921-925.
Freda, Joseph, Wlater J. Sadinski, and William A. Dunson. 1991.
Long term monitoring of amphibian populations with respect to
the effects of acidic deposition. Water, Air and Soil Pollution
55: 445-462.
Gore, J., ed. 1985. Restoration of rivers and stream: theory
and experiences. Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Mass. 320
pp.
A review of stream and floodplain restoration techniques emphasizing
river restoration as a process of recovery enhancement.
Gray, R., R. Sneickus, and G. Wilcox. 1984. Riparian revegetation
in California. California-Nevada Wildlife Transactions 1984,
p. 26.
Reviews riparian revegetation projects carried out by the USDA
Soil Conservation Service in California, describing techniques,
results, and case studies.
Hall, S. and J. Musterman. 1992. Obtaining alternative toxic
effluent limits. Environmental Protection ENPRET 3 (6) : 18-22.
Since modes of exposure other than fish and water consumption
do exist (e.g., body contact), a site-specific evaluation of such
factors should be conducted, and appropriate limits established.
Based on these criteria, the state-proposed discharge limits for
several metals and organic compounds were studied, and alternative
limits were proposed for Pennsylvania. Site-specific testing should
be conducted to demonstrate that these alternative limits are
appropriate.
Hall, Scott, et al. 1991. The use of stream side macrocosms
in the evaluation of copper, lead, and zinc effects on acidic-stream
biota in support of developing site-specific water quality criteria.
In: Alan John Borner (ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Hazardous
Materials Management Conference/ International, 12-14 June 1991.
Glen Ellyn, IL: Tower Conference Management Company.
Harris, R. 1988. Associations between stream valley geomorphology
and riparian vegetation as a basis for landscape analysis in the
eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Environmental Management
12 (2) : 219-228.
Landscape units with distinctive geomorphic settings are described
for usefulness in ecological studies, management, and impact assessment,
including hydroelectric development, evaluation of streamflow-groundwater
relationships, and riparian plant ecophysiology.
Harris, R. 1987. Occurrence of vegetation on geomorphic surfaces
in the active floodplain of a California alluvian stream. American
Midland Naturalist 118 (2): 393-405.
In this study, flood disturbance rather than anaerobic soil conditions
following flooding was the major environmental control on spatial
distribution of riparian communities involving Salix hindsiana,
Populus fremontii, Juglans hindsii, and Quercus
lobata.
Hutcheson, M. R. 1992. Waste load allocation for whole effluent
toxicity to protect aquatic organisms. Water Resources Research
WRERAQ 28 (11) : 2989-2992.
Toxicity prohibitions in state water quality standards may be
implemented using waste load allocations with whole effluent toxicity
in a discharge permit. A process was developed to determine a
waste load allocation that will implement the narrative criteria
for fish and wildlife propagation found in states' water quality
standards. The waste load allocation to implement the narrative's
chronic criteria was determined to be percent effluent at a location
in the receiving stream, as opposed to an effluent concentration
derived from the numerical waste load allocation process.
Irvine, J. and N. West. 1979. Riparian tree species distribution
and succession along the lower Escalante River, Utah. Southwestern
Naturalist 24 (2) : 331-346.
The authors attempt to correlate distribution patterns of riparian
trees (Populus fremontii, Salix exigua, and
Tamarix pentandra) with geological strata, river morphology,
and river flow on a relatively pristine southwestern river.
Isom, B.G. 1992. Use of aquatic macrocosms for determining
site-specific water quality criteria. Water Science and Technology
26 : 1953-1964.
Jackson, W., B. Shelby, A. Martinez, and B. Van Haveren. 1989.
An interdisciplinary process for protecting instream flows.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 44: 121-126.
Explanation of the value-based interdisciplinary process for
determining and protecting instream flow needs with six basic
steps applied by the Bureau of Land Management on Beaver Creek
National Wild River in central Alaska and the San Pedro River
Riparian Conservation Area in southern Arizona.
Jop, Krzysztof M., et al. 1991. Use of fractionation procedures
and extensive chemical analysis for toxicity identification of a
chemical plant effluent. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
10 : 981-990.
Jordan, W., M. Gilpin, and J. Aber, eds. 1987. Restoration
ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge. 342 pp.
A compilation of contributions from various restoration ecologists
covering a number of topics, including the need for mycorrhizae
research in successful restoration projects.
Knopf, F., R. Johnson, et al. 1988. Conservation of riparian
ecosystems in the United States. Wilson Bulletin 100 (2) :
272-284.
Evaluates the management policies of riparian ecosystems by resource
agencies and offers recommendations to assist agencies in management
of declining riparian areas.
Lacey, J., P. Ogden, and K. Foster. 1975. Southern Arizona
riparian habitat: spatial distribution and analysis. A report
of work performed jointly under NASA Grant No. NGL03-002-313 and
the School of Renewable Natural Resources College of Agriculture,
University of Arizona, OALS Bulletin 8. 148 pp.
Objectives of this study were to map and inventory riparian vegetation
along portions of four stream channels in southern Arizona: the
Gila River, San Simon Creek, the San Pedro River, and Pantano
Wash. Products and changes of riparian vegetation and historical
changes of composition, and the distribution of riparian vegetation
are covered.
Marcus, Michael D. and Lyman L. McDonald. 1992. Evaluating
the statistical bases for relating receiving water impacts to effluent
and ambient toxicities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
11 : 1389-1402.
Mutz, K., D. Cooper, M. Scott, and L. Miller. 1988. Restoration,
creation and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the
American West.
Symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland
Scientists, 14-16 November 1988, Denver, Colorado. 239 pp.
Contributed papers on restoration projects, re-establishment
and propagation techniques, and management of riparian areas.
Ohmart, R., and B. Anderson. 1982. North American desert riparian
ecosystems. In: Reference Handbook on the Desert of North America,
Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn. pp. 433-479.
Overview of the major components in desert riparian ecosystems,
including physical and floral considerations, historical development
of vegetation, and development of riparian communities.
Ohmart, R., W. Deason, and S. Freeland. 1975. Dynamics
of marsh land formation and succession along the lower Colorado
River and their importance and management problems as related
to wildlife in the arid Southwest. Transactions of the North American
Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 1975. pp. 240-251.
Discusses the formation and disappearance of some major backwaters
on the lower Colorado River, including recommendations for creating
and managing artificial backwaters.
Parkhurst, Benjamin P., William Warren-Hicks, and Lynn E. Noel.
1992. Performance characteristics of effluent toxicity tests:
summarization and evaluation of data. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 11 : 771-791.
Reichenbacher, F. 1984. Ecology and evolution of Southwestern
riparian plant communities. Desert Plants 6 (1) : 15-22.
Discusses the relationship between the distribution of plants
in the floodplain and the physical site factors that influence
the vegetation. The information is general for the southwest with
specific concentration on Trout Creek in Arizona. Includes reproductive
adaptations of Populus and Salix along with
evolutionary relations.
Stephan, Charles E. 1985. Are the guidelines for deriving numerical
national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life
and its uses based on sound judgments?. In: Aquatic Toxicology
and Hazard Assessment: Seventh
Symposium, ASTM STP 854. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for
Testing and Materials. pp. 515-526.
Stiles, W. 1978. A brief review of natural revegetation in
excavated stream channels. Santa Clara Valley Water District,
California.
Discusses Santa Clara County projects as well as specific creeks
that have been altered and left for natural revegetation.
Stormberg, J. and D. Patten. 1990. Riparian vegetation instream
flow requirements: a case study from a diverted stream in the eastern
Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Environmental Management 14
(2) : 185-194.
Describes a methodology to determine instream flow requirements
for maintenance of riparian trees, suggesting that the requirements
of terrestrial vegetation may be greater than those of fisheries.
Swift, B. 1984. Status of riparian ecosystems in the United
States. Water Resources Bulletin 20 (2) : 223-228.
Review of available data to estimate original coverage of woody
riparian vegetation and how much of it remains today in California,
the Pacific Northwest, the Rocky Mountains, the arid Southwest,
the Lake States, the Corn Belt, the Mississippi Delta, Northeastern
Appalachia, and the Southeast.
Tellman, Barbara. 1992. Arizona's effluent dominated riparian
areas: issues and opportunities. Water Resources Research Center,
College of Agriculture,
University of Arizona. University of Arizona Water Resource Research
Center Issue Paper.
Discusses the legal framework and the riparian implications of
decision make about effluent for those communities interested
in preserving some or all of their effluent dominated riparian
areas.
Warner, R. and K. Hendrix, eds. 1984. California riparian systems:
ecology, conservation, and productive management. University
of California Press, Los Angeles, California. 1034 pp.
Symposium proceedings on ecosystem functioning, wildlife interactions,
law and policy, and restoration techniques.
Warren-Hicks, William and Benjamin R. Parkhurst. 1992. Performance
characteristics of effluent toxicity tests: variability and its
implications for regulatory policy. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 11 : 793-804.
Wolaver, H., S. Spence, and I. Paton. 1993. Application of
two real-time toxicity tests to monitor Rocky Flats Plant water
quality. Golden, Colorado: EG&G Rocky Flats, Inc., Rocky
Flats Plant.
Zeller, M. E. 1990. Precipitation on arid or semi-arid regions
of the Southwestern
United States: Research needs from a consultant's perspective.
In:
Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands (H2AL). American Society of
Civil Engineers, New York. pp. 525-529.
In terms of both instantaneous flow peaks and total runoff volumes,
a key element in the quantification of stormwater runoff from
arid and semi-arid regions is the proper characterization of the
amount and spatial/temporal distribution of precipitation that
occurs during individual rainfall events, especially the high-intensity,
convective thunderstorms which are typical of these locales. In
recent years, the advent of the personal computer has enabled
both engineers and hydrologists to mathematically model the physical
processes of rainfall/runoff in ever-increasing detail; however,
the basic input parameter of precipitation and its influence on
the output of such mathematical models still lacks the necessary
standardization to produce useable results with a high degree
of confidence when calibration data is either limited or altogether
lacking, as is often the case in the southwestern United States.
Future research must focus attention on the need for development
of improved rainfall/runoff algorithms through research of the
interaction between high-intensity, convective thunderstorm precipitation
(amount and spatial/temporal distribution) and the land surface,
including vegetation, soil types, and land use, particularly urbanization.
Literature produced by or for government
agencies
Aldon, E. 1977. Survival of three grass species after inundation.
USDA Forest Service Research Note RM-344, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Three grass species characteristically found in Southwestern
areas that are periodically flooded were studied to determine
how long they could remain under water and still survive.
Anderson, B. and R. Ohmart. 1984. Vegetation management study
for the enhancement of wildlife along the Lower Colorado River -
1984. Final Report, Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder City, Nevada.
Results of a project begun in 1972 to study riparian vegetation
of the lower Colorado River and the vertebrate species associated
with it.
Anderson, B., R. Ohmart, and J. Disano. 1979. Revegetating
the riparian floodplain for wildlife. In: Strategies for protection
and management of flood plain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems.
Proceedings of the National Riparian Ecosystems Symposium, 11-13
December 1978. Callaway Gardens, Georgia, USDA Forest Service General
Technical Report WO-12, Washington, D.C., pp. 318-331.
Anderson, B. and R. Ohmart. 1979. Riparian revegetation: an
approach to mitigating for a disappearing habitat in the Southwest.
In: The Mitigation Symposium: a national workshop on mitigating
losses of fish and wildlife habitats, 16-20 July, 1979. Fort Collins,
Colorado, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-65, Rocky
Mountain Forest Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado,
pp. 481-487.
Arizona Game and Fish Department. 1989. Live wildlife rules.
Phoenix, Arizona: Arizona Game and Fish Department.
Arizona State Parks. 1988. Arizona wetlands priority plan:
an addendum to the 1983 SCORP. 148 pp.
Prepared to comply with the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
of 1986 in order to promote conservation of wetlands and to address
issues concerning Arizona and national wetlands.
Arnold, G. 1979. Memorandum - Riparian revegetation general
information. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of
the Interior. Portland, Oregon.
Techniques suggested for planting and maintenance of riparian
vegetation, plus propagation techniques for specific plant species.
Barclay, J. 1980. Impact of stream alternatives on riparian
communities in south central Oklahoma. Office of Biological
Services. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Contract 14-16-0008-2039, FWS/OBS-80/17. 91 pp.
Evaluation of the effects of stream channelization and impoundment
on riparian vegetation and associated bird, mammal, amphibian,
and reptile populations in the grassland regions of Oklahoma.
Bell, A., E. Holcombe, and V. Hicks. 1974. Vegetating stream
channels - a multipurpose approach. USDA Conservation Service,
Temple, Texas.
Presents ideas to help protect riparian habitats before, during,
and after alteration.
Braun, E. and T. Beland. 1958. Mendocino National Forest stream
improvement. California Fish and Game 44 (3) : 261-274.
Reports on the feasibility of establishing streamside vegetation
in California.
Broadfoot, W. 1974. Water table depth and growth of young cottonwood.
USDA Forest Service Research Note SO-167, Southern Forest Experiment
Station, New Orleans, Louisiana. 4 pp.
Author demonstrates that planted cotonwood trees grow best when
the water table is about 2 feet deep, providing a sufficient zone
above the moisture supply with well aerated soil.
Brown, D., C. Lowe, and J. Hausler. 1977. Southwestern riparian
communities: their biotic importance and management in Arizona.
In: Importance, Preservation and Management of Riparian Habitat.
Proceedings of Symposium, 9 July 1977. Tucson, Arizona, USDA Forest
Service General Technical Report RM-43. Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. pp. 201-211.
Includes a physical and ecological description of the five major
riparian categories along with six recommendations on dealing
with riparian classification, limiting factors, establishment
of long-term study areas, livestock grazing, and management of
water and watersheds.
Brungs, William A., Todd S. Holderman, and Mark T. Southerland.
1992. Synopsis of water-effect rations for heavy metals as derived
for site-specific water quality criteria. Final Report to EPA
Contract # 68-CO-0070. Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
Bureau of Land Management. 1986. Riparian management bibliography.
Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office.
Compilation of literature dealing with riparian systems throughout
the United States.
Carlson, J. 1979. Streamside revegetation, Technical Notes
- 55: Plant materials. USDA Soil Conservation Service, Portland,
Oregon. 9 pp.
Discusses the effects of streambank alteration on riparian habitat
and actual revegetation practices used in Washington.
Colorado Department of Health and Environment, Water Quality Control
Commission. 1997. The Basic standard for ground water.
Colorado Department of Health and Environment, Water Quality Control
Commission.
Colorado Department of Health and Environment, Water Quality Control
Commission. 1996. Status of water quality in Colorado.
Colorado Department of Health and Environment, Water Quality Control
Commission.
A report prepared for submission to the Congress of the United
States by the State of Colorado pursuant to section 305(b) of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
Copeland, Claudia. 1997. 89102: Water quality: implementing
the Clean Water Act. Congressional Research Service.
Copeland, Claudia. 1995. Wastewater treatment: overview and
background. Congressional Research Service.
Copeland, Claudia. 1995. Clean water: summary of H.R. 961,
as passed. Congressional Research Service.
Copeland, Claudia. 1994. Clean water issues in the 104th Congress.
Congressional Research Service.
Davis, G. and M. Brinson. 1980. Responses of submersed vascular
plant communities to environmental change. Fish and Wildlife
Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. FWS/OBS-79/33.
Provides an awareness of those factors that regulate the growth
of aquatic macrophytes. Restricted to submersed, rooted macrophytes.
Eisler, R. 1985a. Cadmium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates:
A synoptic review. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department
of the Interior. NTIS PB86-116779.
Eisler, R. 1985b. Selenium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates:
A synoptic review. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department
of the Interior. NTIS PB86-737346.
Eisler, R. 1986. Chromium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates:
A synoptic review. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department
of the Interior. NTIS PB86-141298.
Eisler, R. 1988. Arsenic hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates:
A synoptic review. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department
of the Interior. NTIS PB88-169404.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. Interim economic guidance
for Water Quality Standards Handbook.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Water Quality Standards
Handbook. 2nd Edition.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. Guidance for modifying
water quality standards and protecting effluent dependent ecosystems.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Transmittal memorandum
of final policy on biological assessment and criteria from Tudor
Davies to Regions.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Technical support document
for water quality based toxics control.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. Water quality standards
for wetlands. National Guidance Document, EPA.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1985. Technical support document
for water quality based toxics control.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1985. Memo from EPA's Office
of Water - Variances in water quality standards.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1973. Guidelines for developing
or revising water quality standard.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. TMDL program implementation
strategy.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. February 27th Water
Quality Standards.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. Water
Quality News 1, 2 & 3.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. Water Quality Standard
Guide.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. Whole effluent toxicity
testing with threatened and endangered species.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. EPA Region 9 guidance
for modifying water quality standards and protecting effluent dependent
ecosystems.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. Biological criteria
for describing conditions of aquatic biota.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. Draft Federal Register
notice of proposed revisions to the methodology for deriving ambient
water quality criteria for the protection of human health.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. Guidance for assessing
chemical contaminated data for use in fish advisories. vols.
1-5.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. National assessment
of states variance procedures. Report of November 1990.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. EPA guidelines for
preparation of 1996 State Water Quality Assessments.
Environmental Protection Agency. [n.d.]. Technical support
document for water quality based toxics control.
Harris, R., A. Leister, and R. Fissell. 1975. Tolerance to
flooding. Summary report to USDA Forest Service, Grant Contract
No. A 5fs-1656. Department of Environmental Horticulture, University
of California, Davis. 33 pp.
Several mainly exotic species of trees, shrubs, and grasses were
tested to determine the length of time they could survive flooding
along a reservoir in California. Side effects such as trunk bending,
weakened roots, and increased mortality in the year following
initial inundation are discussed.
Heilman, P., D. Greer, S. Braven, and A. Baker. 1978. Habitat
development field investigations, Miller Sands Marsh and upland
development site, Columbia River, Oregon. Chief of Engineers,
U.S. Army, Washington, D.C.
Provides very detailed description of the study area, methods,
and results of habitat development experiments conducted at Miller
Sands, a dredged material disposal site near the mouth of the
Columbia River.
Holden, P., et al. 1986. Development of a fish and wildlife
classification system for backwaters along the Lower Colorado River.
Final Report, Bureau of Reclamation, Contract No. 3-CS-30-01020.
207 pp.
Evaluation and rating of 400 Colorado River backwaters between
Davis Dam and the international boundary.
Horton, J. 1964. Notes on the introduction of deciduous tamarisk.
USDA Forest Service Research Note RM-16, Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. 7 pp.
Discusses Tamarisk taxonomic revisions and documents herbarium
specimens before 1920 and the introduction of Tamarisk into the
United States in the early 1800's.
Juelson, T. 1980. Suggestions for streambank revegetation in
western Washington. Informational Report, Washington Department
of Game, Applied Wildlife Ecology, Habitat Management Division.
Benefits of riparian habitat and recommendations for plant species
use for riparian revegetation.
Knox, R. and J. McCall. 1979. Habitat mitigation in Indiana's
authorized channelization projects. In: The Mitigation Symposium:
a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats.
16-20 July 1979, Fort Collins, Colorado, USDA Forest Service General
Technical Report RM-65, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. 669 pp.
Description of mitigation techniques by the Soil Conservation
Service, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, and the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife, including installation of sediment traps, Rip-rap
fishpool deflectors, and one-sided channel work.
Logan, L. 1979. Native vegetation for streambank erosion control.
In: Riparian and Wetland Habitats of the Great Plains. Proceedings
of the Great Plains Agricultural Council Forestry Committee 31st
Annual Meeting, 18-21 June 1979, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado, Great Plains Agricultural Council Publication
No. 91, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. pp. 15-18.
Discusses zones of inundation on banks
of rivers and lakes; shows different planting techniques for
the "splash", "bank",
and "terrace" zones; and explains possible problems
with revegetation.
Manci, K. 1989. Riparian ecosystems creation and restoration;
a literature synthesis. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Biological Report
89. 111 pp.
Synthesis of 1,000 articles from the Wetland
Creation / Restoration (WCR) Database.
McCluskey, D., J. Brown, et al. 1984. Willow plantings for
riparian habitat improvement. Technical Note 363, USDI Bureau
of Land Management, Denver, Colorado. 21 pp.
Techniques, tools, and criteria for successfully planting willow
cuttings are discussed . Appendices contain information on supplies
needed, estimated costs, and sources of bare root willow stock.
McKnight, J. 1970. Planting cottonwood cuttings for timber
production in the South. USDA Forest Service Research Paper
SO-60, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana.
17 pp.
The article is aimed toward large-scale plantation use of the
cottonwood Populus deltoides. Techniques given on soil
choice and preparation, field protection from wildlife and insects,
preparation and plantings of cuttings, and plantation management.
Motroni, R. 1980. The importance of riparian zones to terrestrial
wildlife. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento, California.
An extensive annotated bibliography of 254 papers.
Ohmart, R. and B. Anderson. 1986. Riparian habitat. In:
Inventory and Monitoring of Wildlife Habitat, USDI Bureau of Land
Management Service Center, Denver, Colorado. pp. 169-201.
Intended for wildlife managers, this paper provides a broad overview
of riparian systems, classification systems, collection priorities,
and effects of land management activities on riparian systems.
Ohmart, R., B. Anderson, and W. Hunter. 1988. The ecology of
the lower Colorado River from Davis Dam to the Mexico-United States
international boundary: a community profile. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Biological Report 85 (7.19). 296 pp.
Correlates hydrology and vegetation with fish and wildlife habitats
along the river, regarding changes that have occurred and the
factors influencing those changes.
Platts, W., C. Armour, G. Booth, et al. 1987. Methods for evaluating
riparian habitats with applications to management. USDA Forest
Service, Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report
INT-221. 155 pp.
Compiles the latest methods for resource specialists to use in
managing, evaluating, and monitoring riparian conditions adjacent
to streams, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs.
Robinson, T. 1965. Introduction, spread and Arial extent of
salt cedar (Tamarix) in the Western states. Professional
Paper 491-A., U.S. Geological Survey. 12 pp.
This paper traces the spread of salt cedar from its first recorded
appearance over 100 years ago to 1970.
Robinson, T. 1964. Phreatophyte research in the Western states,
March 1958 to July 1964. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 495.
Summary of 48 projects, including 15 in Arizona, organized by
the Phreatophyte Subcommittee of the Pacific Inter-Agency Committee.
Swenson, E. and C. Mullins. 1985. Revegetating riparian trees
in Southwestern floodplains. In: Riparian Ecosystems and their
Management: reconciling conflicting uses. Proceedings of the First
North American Riparian Conference, 16-18 April 1985, Tucson, Arizona.,
USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-120, Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. pp.
135-138.
Presents a simple and inexpensive technique for protecting willow
and cottonwood plantings from beaver and cattle in order to ensure
their survival.
State of New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission. 1994. Water
quality and water pollution control in New Mexico. New Mexico
Water Quality Control Commission.
A report prepared for submission to the Congress of the United
States by the State of New Mexico pursuant to section 305(b) of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
Stephan, C.E., D.I. Mount, D.J. Hansen, and J.H. Gentile, et al.
1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality
criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 98 pp.
Teskey, R. and T. Hinckley. 1977. Impact of water level changes
on woody riparian and wetland communities. Vol. I: Plant and soil
responses to flooding. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.
Department of the Interior. FWS/OBS-77/58.
Discusses short-term effects of water level changes on physiological
processes of both bottomland and upland species, classifying tree
tolerances to flooding, based on the condition of the root system
when inundated. Also discusses metabolic and physical adaptations
that enable plants to tolerate anaerobic conditions associated
with flooding.
Thomann, R.V. and T.F. Parkerton. 1991. Preliminary development
and testing of a methodology for developing water quality criteria
intended to protect wildlife: progress report for the period 6/1/91
to 9/30/91. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological
Criteria Division and Environmental Engineering & Science Program,
Manhattan College.
United States General Accounting Office. 1988. Public rangelands,
some riparian areas restored but widespread improvement will be
slow. Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO/RCED-88-105.
85 pp.
Examines whether degraded riparian areas can be successfully
restored, how successful restorations were achieved, whether the
techniques used can be applied to the restoration of other riparian
areas, and the extent of riparian areas that still need improvement.
Walters, M., R. Teskey, and T. Hinckley. 1980. Impact of water
level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities. Vol. VII:
Mediterranean Region, Western Arid and Semi-arid Region. Fish
and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. FWS/OBS-78/93.
An overview of the physiological impacts on riparian vegetation
from man-caused and natural water level fluctuations in the Mediterranean,
Western arid, and semi-arid regions of the United States. It also
discusses drought and flooding tolerances of many of the regional
species and some related physiological mechanisms.
Walters, M., R. Teskey, and T. Hinckley. 1980. Impact of water
level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities. Vol. VIII:
Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain Regions. Fish and Wildlife
Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. FSW/OBS-78/94.
Summarizes the impact on riparian vegetation in the Pacific Northwest
and Rocky Mountain Regions from natural and man-caused water level
fluctuations, as well as tolerance levels of a number of regional
riparian species to flooding and drought.
Whitlow, T. and R. Harris. 1979. Flood tolerance in plants:
a state-of-the-art review. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Technical
Report No. E-72-2, USACE Waterways Experimental Station Environmental
Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, Department of Environmental
Horticulture, University of California, Davis.
Basic aspects of flood tolerance in plants and the applied aspects
of establishing vegetation on reservoir shorelines.
Statutes and Regulations
Clean Water Act. P.L.-92-500.
Colorado Discharge Permit System Regulations. 6/30/97.
Endangered Species Act, as amended. 16 USC 1531.
Final Rules in the 1975 Antidegradation Policy. 48 FR 51400. 11/8/83.
National Toxics Rule.
Protection of Environment; Code of Federal Regulations, Vol. 40,
part 131 (Water Quality Regulations).
Regulations for Effluent Limitations (10.1.0). 5/13/96.
Regulations for the Site Application Process (2.2.0). 6/30/96.
State of New Mexico Ground and Surface Water
Quality Protection Regulations (20 NMAC 6.2) and Utility operator
Certification Regulations (20 NMAC 7.4). 20 NMAC 6.2 & 20
NMAC 7.4. 12/1/95.
State of New Mexico Standards for Interstate and Intrastate Streams.
20 NMAC 6.1. 1/23/95.
The Basic Standards and Methodologies for Surface Water (3.1.0)(5
CCR 1002-8). 5 CCR 1002-8. 3/3/97.
Water Quality Act of 1987. P.L.-100-4..
Water Quality Standards Regulation. 40 CFR 131.
Water Quality Standards Regulation. 40 CFR 130.
Federal Register Documents
48 FR 51400, 51403. Water Quality Standards Handbook - Advanced
treatment and alternative effluent control strategies. 11/8/83.
48 FR 51400-51402. Narrative water quality criteria applicable
to toxic pollutants. 11/8/83.
50 FR 34546. Questions and answers on antidegradation - Notice
of availability. 8/26/85.
54 FR 51400. Revised Water Quality Standards Regulation.
56 FR 64893. Water Quality Standards Handbook. 12/12/91.
57 FR 60848. Federal water quality criteria for priority toxic
pollutants for 14 states and territories. 12/22/92.
59 FR 2652. Notice of availability and request for comment on sediment
quality criteria and support documents. 1/18/94.
59 FR 7629. Executive Order 12-89-8 Environmental justice criteria
to assure water quality. 2/16/94.
60 FR 15366. Great Lakes Guidance. 3/23/95.
60 FR 22228. National Toxics Rule - Stay of metal recovery. 5/4/95.
61 FR 20686. Arizona's Water Quality Regulations - EPA.
61 FR 2766. Arizona's Water Quality Regulations - EPA.
Additional Data Sources
Inter-American Water Resources Network (IWRN) home page.
http://www.oas.org/L/iwrn.htm
Tellman, Barbara, R. Yarde, and M.G. Wallace. 1995. Where to find
information about the history of Arizona Rivers: a computerized
bibliography. Water Resources Research Center, University of Arizona.
United States Geological Survey Water Resources home page.
http://h2o.usgs.gov
A rich source of water-related documents, databases, and web links,
including the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) and Selected
Water Resource Abstracts (SWRA).
University of Arizona Water Resources Research Center.
http://ag.arizona.edu/azwater
Home page of the WRRC. Includes full texts of publications produced
by the WRRC, as well as a searchable database of holdings at Arizona's
state universities and links to water-related internet sites, such
as the National Institute for Water Resources (NIWR) and several
Arizona-specific resources.
University Water Information Network home page.
http://www.uwin.siu.edu/
This source allows a search for citations (with abstracts) of several
thousand articles and papers covering all aspects of water management,
hydrology, and related topics.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Aquatic Toxicity Data (AQUIRE).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information
System (IRIS).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency home page.
http://www.epa.gov/epahome/
U.S. EPA Center for Environmental Publications and Information
home page.
http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom/index.html
U.S. EPA Offcie of Science and Technology home page.
http://www.epa.gov/OST/
National Wetlands Conservation Alliance home page.
http://www.epa.gov/docs/owowwtr1/wetlands/wag/
Water Environment Federation home page. http://www.wef.org
Agencies:
Arizona Department of Water Resources (602) 417-2400
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (602) 207-2300
University of Arizona:
Water Resources Research Center (520) 792-9591
fax: (520) 792-8518
Environmental Research Laboratory (520) 626-3322
fax: (520) 573-0852
U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson Division (520) 670-5510
fax: (520) 670-5113
Top of Page / Previous
Page / Table of Contents |
