November
24, 2005 Update
TOWNSHIP
18 SOUTH, RANGE 16 EAST, PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA
Gila
and Salt River Baseline and Meridian
Major Contributors and Sources of
Information: William T. Kendall. Matthew B. Johnson, Program Manager and
Curator of the Desert Legume Program - Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. Southwest
Environmental Information Network (SEINet). Special Status Species Reports -
Species Distribution Lists are being developed to encourage and promote the conservation of local native animals and plants. They are developed for legally defined geographic areas, and larger bodies of water. They are provided to environmental consultants, property owners, and government agencies interested in promoting conservation. Listings include species reported as having been observed in or reported from the described area.
Due to continuing additions and corrections the listings should be considered a work in progress. Species once reported as having occurred within the described area, but that no longer occurs there are shown are having been EXTIRPATED. This list includes species that are not native to Arizona (EXOTIC). Exotic plants are not recommended for use in landscaping or restoration projects. Disjunct species, outliers and plants on the edge of the main population, as observed by the surveyor, are noted as being PERIPHERAL PLANTS. Landscaped plants are not included in the listings unless they have become naturalized in the surrounding native environment.
Local native vegetation is recommended for use in landscaping and restoration projects. To determine what could be considered as local native vegetation look at both the project township and the eight contiguous townships for plants of similar habitat and elevation. Plants should be planted in their approximate original habitat and density. Use of native plants encourages native animals to remain in the area and helps to retain the areas natural beauty, unique identity and heritage.
Appreciation is expressed to the
officers and staff of the Arizona Department of Agriculture, the Arizona Game
and Fish Department,
Species Distribution Lists are periodically updated and revised. These listings have been created and maintained by William T. Kendall. Comments, the reporting of corrections, the reporting of unrecorded species in townships and the reporting of information relating to the historical distribution of species would be greatly appreciated, and may be sent by mail to: Kendall Environmental Surveys, P.O. Box 87967, Tucson, Arizona 85754-7967, or E-mail to: KendallEnvironmentalSurveys@msn.com.
DISCLAIMER: The information presented as township notes has been obtained from large scale mapping and should be used only as a general guide. Information used in these lists is accepted from biologists and individuals interested in helping to promote the conservation of our natural resources. Mistakes are made in the identification of species and in the recording of information, and changes in nomenclature occur. For these reasons I can not and do not warrant the accuracy of these listings.
CAUTION: Many native desert plants have sharp thorns and spines. Care should be given when handling them and consideration should be given to public safety at the site where they are to be planted.
This photograph was
taken looking northeast toward the
The following are a few of the
plants reported from this township that might be useful in landscaping and
restoration projects. Trees and Large
Shrubs: Arizona White Oak (Quercus
arizonica), Velvet Mesquite (Prosopis
velutina), Emory Oak (Quercus emoryi),
Black Walnut (Juglans major), Canyon
Hackberry (Celtis laevigata var. reticulata), Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), One-seed Juniper
(Juniperus monosperma), Mountain Yucca (Yucca
schottii), Catclaw Acacia (Acacia
greggii var. greggii), Wright
Silktassel (Garrya wrightii), Kearney
Condalia (Condalia warnockii var. kearneyana), Whitethorn Acacia (Acacia constricta), Greythorn (Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens), Alderleaf Mountain Mahogany
(Cercocarpus montanus), Fishhook
Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus wislizeni),
Common Sotol (Dasylirion wheeleri),
Arizona Yucca (Yucca baccata var. brevifolia), Wilcox Barberry (Berberis wilcoxii), Pancake Pricklypear Cactus (Opuntia chlorotica), Palmer Agave (Agave palmeri) and Desert Pricklypear
Cactus (Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii). Vines and Climbers:
Township Notes
Location: This township is
located in southeastern
Landmarks: Portions of this
township are located within the
Elevation: Elevations range from
approximately 3,990 feet in
Soil: Soils are described as thermic (hot) arid and semiarid soils (soils with mean annual temperatures of 59 degrees to 72 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees to 22 degrees Centigrade) and 10 to 16 inches (25 to 41 cm) mean annual precipitation) of the Caralampi-Hathaway Association (deep, semiarid gravelly soils on deeply dissected uplands) and the Rock Outcrop-Lampshire-Cellar Association (rock outcrop and very shallow and shallow semiarid soils of the mountains and foothills) (3).
Biotic Community: Portions of this township are located within the Scrub-Grassland (Semidesert Grassland) Regional Formation of the Grassland Formation and Madrean Evergreen Woodland of the Woodland Formation with associated Wetlands (4).
Maps created with TOPO! R C 2002 National Geographic
Map of Township Showing Adjacent Sections
The
The ARIZONA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY
is a statewide nonprofit organization devoted to
Contact:
The DESERT SURVIVORS NATIVE PLANT
NURSERY
http://www.desertsurvivors.org/nursery.asp
The DESERT SURVIVORS NATIVE PLANT NURSERY
sells many local native plants and is willing to consider growing any native
plant for which there is a buyer.
Contact: Desert Survivors Native Plant
Nursery, 1020 West Starr Pass Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85713, 520-791-9309.
The
The TUCSON CACTUS AND SUCCULENT SOCIETY is a non-profit organization dedicated to educating, teaching and learning about cacti and succulent plants. Their monthly programs feature knowledgeable individuals who can educate you and help you understand more about these fascinating plants. They conduct and sponsor native cactus and succulent rescue operations, plant sales, field trips, nursery and garden visits, conventions and conferences as well as other activities throughout the year.
NATIVE PLANT RESCUE NOTICE
(The Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society puts
a tremendous amount of time and effort
into the
organizing and overseeing of their rescue
events. The native plant rescues carried out by the dedicated
members of the Society provide an immeasurable service to our community.)
The TUCSON CACTUS AND SUCCULENT
SOCIETY organizes native plant rescues in areas being cleared for development.
If interested in rescuing plants and/or obtaining local native plants for your
landscaping or restoration project join the Society and become a rescue crew
member.
Contact: Tucson Cactus and
Succulent Society, PO Box 64759, Tucson, Arizona 85728-4759, 520-885-6367.
LISTING OF PLANTS
Acanthaceae: The Acanthus Family
Anisacanthus thurberi (J. Torrey) A. Gray (5): Anisacanthus, Chuparosa, Colegayo, Desert Honeysuckle, Thurber Anisacanthus, Thurber’s Desert-honeysuckle (terrestrial perennial shrub (to 8 feet high) (6); within range reported from canyon bottoms and along washes and streambeds 2,500 to 5,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; this plant is browsed by wildlife; the flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds)
Agavaceae: The Century-plant Family
Agave palmeri G. Engelmann: Agave, Century Plant, Lechugilla, Mescal, Palmer Agave, Palmer’s Century Plant (terrestrial perennial evergreen succulent herb, subshrub or shrub (under 4 feet high with a flowering stem reaching to 24 feet in height); within range reported from mesas, canyons, rocky slopes, ridges, hills, bajadas and outcrops 3,500 to 7,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Dasylirion wheeleri S. Watson: Cactus Spoon, Common Sotol, Desert Spoon, Sotol, Spoon Flower, Spoon Plant, Wheeler Dasylirion, Wheeler Sotol (terrestrial perennial evergreen subshrub or shrub (under 8 feet high with a flowering spike reaching to 15 feet in height); within range reported from mesas, canyons, rocky slopes, ridges, bajadas and rocky and gravelly hillsides 4,000 to 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; browsed by bighorn sheep)
Nolina microcarpa S. Watson: Bear Grass, Palmilla, Sacahuista, Small-seed Nolina, Sotol Chiquito (terrestrial perennial evergreen subshrub or shrub (under 7 feet high with a flowering spike reaching to 8 feet in height); within range reported from mesas, canyons, rock outcrops, hills, sandy and gravelly slopes, bajadas, plains, flats and valleys 3,000 to 6,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Yucca baccata J. Torrey var. brevifolia (H.W. Schott ex J. Torrey) L. Benson & R.A. Darrow (Yucca arizonica S.A. McKelvey, Yucca thornberi S.A. McKelvey): Arizona Yucca, Banana Yucca, Datil, Palma Criolla, Spanish Dagger, Thornber Yucca (terrestrial perennial evergreen herb, subshrub or shrub (under 7 feet high with a flowering stalk reaching to 5 feet in height); within range reported from mesas, canyons, slopes, hills, bajadas, plains, gravelly flats, valleys and along washes and arroyos 3,000 to 5,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Yucca schottii G. Engelmann: Hairy Yucca, Hoary Yucca, Mountain Yucca, Schott’s Yucca, Spanish Bayonet, Spanish Dagger (terrestrial perennial narrow-leaved evergreen herb, shrub or tree (6 to 18 feet high with a flowering stalk reaching to 2 feet or more in height); within range reported from canyons, rocky slopes, woodlands, grasslands, hillsides, bajadas and valleys 4,000 to 7,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Anacardiaceae: The Sumac Family
Rhus trilobata T. Nuttall var. trilobata: Agrito, Chascarillo, Ill-scented Sumac, Lantrisco, Lemita, Lemonade Berry, Lemonade Sumac, Lentisco, Limonita, Skunk-bush, Skunkbush Sumac, Squaw-bush, Threeleaf Sumac (terrestrial perennial deciduous shrub (to 10 feet high); within range reported from mesas, canyons and slopes 2,500 to 7,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Rhus virens F.J. Lindheimer ex A. Gray var. choriophylla (E.O. Wooton & P.C. Standley) L. Benson, (Rhus choriophylla E.O. Wooton & P.C. Standley): Evergreen Sumac, Mearns Sumac, New Mexican Evergreen Sumac, Tough-leaved Sumac (terrestrial evergreen shrub or tree (to 15 feet high); within range reported from canyons, rocky slopes, hills and streambeds 4,000 to 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Asclepiadaceae: The Milkweed Family
Funastrum cynanchoides (J. Decaisne) F.R. Schlechter subsp. cynanchoides (Sarcostemma cynanchoides J. Decaisne, Sarcostemma cynanchoides J. Decaisne subsp. cynanchoides): Climbing Milkweed, Fringed Climbing Milkweed, Fringed Twinevine (terrestrial perennial herb or vine; within range reported from plains and along washes, arroyos and streams 1,500 to 4,500 feet elevation)
Asteraceae: The Aster Family
(Compositae: The Sunflower Family)
Acourtia nana (A. Gray) J.L. Reveal & G. King (Perezia nana A. Gray): Desert Holly, Dwarf Desertpeony (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from mesas, bajadas, slopes and gravelly flats below 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Ambrosia confertiflora A.P. de Condolle (Franseria confertiflora (A.P. de Condolle) P.A. Rydberg): Altamisa de Playa, Bursage Ragweed, Estafiate, Field Ragweed, Slimleaf Bursage, Weakleaf Burr Ragweed, Weak-leaved Burweed (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from mesas, slopes, roadsides, washes, floodplains and disturbed areas 1,000 to 6,500 feet elevation)
Brickellia eupatorioides C. Linnaeus (L.H. Shinners) var. chlorolepis (E.O. Wooten & P.C. Standley) B.L. Turner (Kuhnia rosmarinifolia E.P. Ventenat var. chlorolepis (E.O. Wooten & P.C. Standley) J. Blake): False Boneset (terrestrial perennial herb or subshrub; within range reported from mountains, mesas, slopes, forests, meadows, ravines, alluvial terraces, roadsides, along streams and lake shores 2,500 to 8,700 feet elevation)
Conoclinium greggii (A. Gray) J.K. Small (Eupatorium greggii A. Gray): Palmleaf Thoroughwort (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from mesas, canyons, plains, grasslands, flats, valleys, draws, washes, mesquite bosques and rocky and gravelly soils 3,500 to 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; nectar plant for many species of butterfly)
Ericamaria nauseosa (P. Simon von Pallas ex F.T. Pursh) G.L. Nesom & R.O. Baird subsp. nauseosa var. latisquamea (A. Gray) G.L. Nesom & R.O. Baird (Chrysothamnus nauseosus (P. Simon von Pallas ex F.T. Pursh) N.L. Britton var. latisquameus (A. Gray) H.M. Hall): Chamisa, Chamiso Blanco, False goldenrod, Rabbitbush, Rabbit Brush, Rubber Rabbitbrush (terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (to 7 feet high); within range reported from mountainsides, woodlands, plains, grasslands, roadsides, along streams and washes and gravelly and sandy soils 4,000 to 7,000 feet elevation)
Hymenoclea monogyra J. Torrey & A. Gray ex A. Gray: Burrobrush, Jecota, Leafy Burrobush, Leafy Burrobrush, Romerillo, Singlewhorl Burrobrush (terrestrial perennial shrub (to over 6 feet high); within range reported from sandy washes and streambeds 1,000 to 4,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental and in controlling erosion)
Hymenothrix wislizeni A. Gray: Golden Ragweed, TransPecos Thimblehead, Wislizenus Beeflower (terrestrial annual or perennial herb; within range reported from mesas,
slopes, gravelly flats, roadsides, washes
and disturbed areas 2,500 to 5,500 feet elevation)
Isocoma tenuisecta E.L. Greene (Aplopappus
tenuisectus (E.L. Greene) J. Blake,
Haplopappus tenuisectus (E.L. Greene) J. Blake): Burroweed, Hierba del Burrow (terrestrial
perennial herb, subshrub or shrub (to 3 feet high); within range reported from
mesas, rocky slopes, bajadas, plains, gravelly flats, roadsides, draws and
disturbed areas 2,000 to 5,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Machaeranthera gracilis (T. Nuttall) L.H. Shinners (Haplopappus gracilis (T. Nuttall) A. Gray): Goldenweed, Slender Goldenweed, Yellow Daisy, Yellow Spiny Daisy (terrestrial long lived annual herb; within range reported from mesas, rocky slopes, plains and washes below 7,000 feet elevation)
Tithonia thurberi A. Gray: Arizona Sunflowerweed (terrestrial annual herb; within range reported from mountains, mountainsides, canyons, woodlands, ravines, grasslands, roadsides, near streams, mesquite bosques, riparian forests and disturbed areas 1,600 to 4,600 feet elevation)
Zinnia acerosa (A.P. de Condolle) A. Gray (Zinnia pumila A. Gray): Desert Zinnia, Spinyleaf Zinnia, White Zinnia, Wild Zinnia (terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (under 1 foot high); within range reported from mesas, rocky slopes, gravelly bajadas, gravelly flats and floodplains 2,500 to 5,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Berberidaceae: The Barberry Family
Berberis wilcoxii T.H. Kearney: Holly Leaf Grape, Wilcox’s Barberry, Wilcox Hollygrape (terrestrial perennial evergreen shrub (to7 feet high); within range reported from mountains, canyons, moist sandy soil on slopes, hillsides, springs and along creeks and streams 4,900 to 8,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental, flowers are reportedly fragrant)
Bignoniaceae: The Trumpet-creeper Family
Chilopsis linearis (A.J. Cavanilles) R. Sweet subsp. arcuata (F.R. Fosberg) Henrickson (Chilopsis linearis (A.J. Cavanilles) R. Sweet var. arcuata F.R. Fosberg): Desert Catalpa, Desert Willow, Flowering Willow, Jano, Mimbre, Western Desert-willow (terrestrial perennial deciduous shrub or tree (to 25 feet high or more); within range reported from roadsides and along washes and streams below 6,000 feet elevation; useful in erosion control and as an ornamental)
Bixaceae: The Lipsticktree Family
Amoreuxia gonzalezii T.A. Sprague & J. Riley: Saiya, Santa Rita Throw-up Weed, Santa Rita Mountain Yellowshow (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from mountains, canyons, ridgetops, forests, rocky slopes, foothills, woodlands, scrubs, rocky hillsides, grasslands, desertscrubs, riparian forests and rocky limestone soils 500 to 4,600 feet elevation)
Boraginaceae: The Borage Family
Hackelia ursina (E.L. Greene) I.M. Johnston: Chihuahuan Stickseed (terrestrial biennial or perennial herb; within range reported from mountains, canyon bottoms, slopes, woodlands, scrubs, washes and streambeds 5,000 to 8,000 feet elevation)
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): The Mustard Family
Streptanthus carinatus C. Wright ex A. Gray: Lyreleaf Jewelflower, Lyreleaf Twistflower, Lyre-leaved Twistflower, Silver Bells (terrestrial winter annual or biennial herb; within range reported from rocky slopes, gravelly bajadas, gravelly flats and along washes 1,500 to 4,500 feet elevation)
Cactaceae: The Cactus Family
Echinocereus fendleri (G. Engelmann) F. Seitz var. fasciculatus (G. Engelmann ex B.D. Jackson) N.P. Taylor (Echinocereus fasciculatus (G. Engelmann ex B.D. Jackson) L. Benson, Echinocereus fendleri (G. Engelmann) K.T. Rümpler var. robustus (R.H. Peebles) L. Benson, Mammillaria fasciculata G. Engelmann ex B.D. Jackson): Bundle Hedgehog Cactus, Pinkflower Hedgehog Cactus, Robust Hedgehog Cactus (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub or shrub (under 2 feet high); within range reported from rocky slopes, hills, bajadas, gravelly flats, valleys and along washes 2,000 to 3,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Echinocereus fendleri (G. Engelmann) F. Seitz var. rectispinus (R.H. Peebles) L. Benson (Echinocereus fendleri (G. Engelmann) K.T. Rümpler var. rectispinus (R.H. Peebles) L. Benson): Pinkflower Hedgehog Cactus, Straight-spined Hedgehog Cactus (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub or shrub (under 1 foot high); within range reported from rocky and gravelly slopes, hills, flats and along arroyos 3,000 to 5,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Echinocereus rigidissimus (G. Engelmann) F.A. Haage f. (Echinocereus pectinatus (M.J. Scheidweiler) G. Engelmann var. rigidissimus (G. Engelmann) K.T. Rumpler): Arizona Rainbow Cactus, Rainbow Echinocereus, Rainbow Hedgehog, Rainbow Hedgehog Cactus (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub or shrub (to 1 foot); within range reported from mountains, hills, grasslands and flats 4,000 to 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Escobaria vivipara (T. Nuttall) F. Buxbaum var. bisbeeana (C.R. Orcutt) D.R. Hunt (Coryphantha vivipara (T. Nuttall) N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose var. bisbeeana (C.R. Orcutt) L. Benson): Beehive Cactus, Bisbee Beehive Cactus, Bisbee Spinystar, Cushion Cactus, Spinystar, Spiny Star Cactus (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub or shrub (to 1 foot high); within range reported from mountains, hills, slopes, plains and flats 3,000 to 7,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Ferocactus wislizeni (G. Engelmann) N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose: Arizona Barrel Cactus, Barrel Cactus, Bisnaga, Biznaga, Biznaga de Agua, Biznagre, Candy Barrelcactus, Compass Barrel, Compass Plant, Fishhook Barrel Cactus, Southwest Barrel Cactus, Southwestern Barrel Cactus, Visnaga, Wislizenus Barrel, Yellow-spined Barrel Cactus (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub, shrub or tree (to 11 feet high); within range reported from canyon walls, rocky slopes, hills, bajadas, plains, gravelly flats and along washes and arroyos below 4,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Mammillaria grahamii G. Engelmann var. grahamii (Mammillaria microcarpa G. Engelmann): Arizona Fishhook Cabeza de Viejo Cekida, Cactus, Biznaguita, Fishhook Cactus, Graham Fishhook, Graham’s Nipple Cactus, Graham Pincushion Cactus, Lizard Catcher (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub or shrub (under 6 inches high); within range reported from rocky slopes, rock outcrops, rocky hillsides, boulder crevices, gravelly flats, valleys and along washes below 4,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Opuntia chlorotica G. Engelmann & J. Bigelow: Dollarjoint Pricklypear, Nopal, Nopal Rastrera, Pancake Pear, Pancake Prickly-pear, Silver-dollar Cactus, Smooth Clock-face Pricklypear (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub or shrub (to 6 feet high); within range reported from mountains, canyons, ledges, rocky slopes, ridges, bajadas, hills, flats and valleys 2,000 to 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Opuntia engelmannii J.F. Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck var. engelmannii (Opuntia phaeacantha G. Engelmann var. discata (D. Griffiths) L. Benson & D.L. Walkington): Abrojo, Cactus Apple, Desert Pricklypear Cactus, Engelmann Pricklypear, Flaming Pricklypear, Joconostle, Nopal, Prickly Pear, Vela de Coyote (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub or shrub (to 4 feet high); within range reported from canyon bottoms, rocky slopes, ridges, bajadas, slopes, benches, rocky and gravelly flats, valleys, and along washes, gullies and arroyos 1,000 to 6,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; provides cover for many desert animals)
Opuntia phaeacantha G. Engelmann var. major G. Engelmann: Abrojo, Joconostle, Major Pricklypear, Mojave Pricklypear, Nopal, Sprawling Prickly Pear, Vela de Coyote, Yellow Pricklypear (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub or shrub (to 5 feet high); within range reported from rocky slopes, hills, bajadas, flats and valleys in sandy, gravelly or rocky soils 1,000 to 7,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; provides cover for many desert animals)
Opuntia spinosior (G. Engelmann) J.W. Toumey: Cane Cholla, Cardenche, Handgrip Cholla, Spiny Cholla, Tasajo, Walkingstick Cactus, Walking Stick Cholla (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub, shrub or tree (to 10 feet high); within range reported from mountainsides, canyons, hills, bajadas, gravelly flats, valleys, along washes and arroyos and floodplains 1,000 to 5,000+ feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Sclerocactus intertextus (G. Engelmann) N.P. Taylor var. intertextus (Echinomastus intertextus (G. Engelmann) N.L. Britton & J.N. Rose: White Fishhook Cactus, Woven-spine Pineapple Cactus (terrestrial perennial succulent subshrub or shrub; within range reported from hills and grasslands 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation)
Capparaceae (Capparidaceae): The Caper Family
Polanisia dodecandra (C. Linnaeus) A.P. de Candolle subsp. trachysperma (J. Torrey & A. Gray)
H.H. Iltis (Polanisia trachysperma
(J. Torrey & A. Gray) H.H. Iltis): Roughseed Clammyweed, Sandyseed Clammyweed,
Cupressaceae: The
Juniperus sp.: Juniper
Euphorbiaceae: The Spurge Family
Croton pottsii (J.F. Klotzsch) J. Müller Argoviensis var. pottsii (Croton corymbulosus G. Engelmann): Leatherweed, Leather Weed Croton (terrestrial perennial herb, subshrub or shrub; within range reported from rocky slopes 2,500 to 6,000 feet elevation)
Jatropha macrorhiza G. Bentham (var. septemfida G. Engelmann is the variety reported as occurring in
Tragia laciniata (J. Torrey) J. Müller Argoviensis: Sonoita Noseburn, Sonoran Noseburn (terrestrial perennial herb or vine; within range reported from mountains, rocky canyons and canyon bottoms, hillsides, among boulders, gravelly slopes, woodlands, grasslands, valleys and along washes and streams 3,500 to 5,700 feet elevation)
Fabaceae (Leguminosae): The Pea Family
Acacia constricta G. Bentham: Chaparro Prieto, Common Whitethorn, Garabato, Gigantillo, Huisache, Largoncillo, Mescat Acacia, Vara Prieta, Vinorama, Whitethorn Acacia, White Thorn (terrestrial perennial deciduous shrub or tree (to 10 feet high); within range reported from mesas, canyons, rocky slopes, ridges, gravelly bajadas, gravelly flats, floodplains and along washes and arroyos 2,500 to 5,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental, the flowers are fragrant)
Acacia greggii A. Gray var. greggii (Acacia greggii A. Gray, Acacia greggii A. Gray var. arizonica P.T. Isley): Algarroba, Catclaw, Catclaw Acacia, Devil’s Claw, Gatuno, Gregg Catclaw, Tear Blanket, Tepame, Tesota, Una de Gato (terrestrial perennial deciduous shrub or tree (to 23 feet high); within range reported from canyons, rocky slopes, floodplains and along sandy washes and streams below 4,500 feet elevation: useful as an ornamental)
Calliandra eriophylla G. Bentham var. eriophylla: Cabelleto de Angel, Cabeza Angel, Fairyduster, False Mesquite, False Mesquite Calliandra, Guajillo, Hairy-leaved Calliandra, Huajillo, Mesquitilla (terrestrial perennial deciduous subshrub or shrub (to 3 feet high); within range reported from mesas, canyons, rocky slopes, gravelly bajadas, gravelly flats and along washes below 5,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; browsed by wildlife.)
Dalea versicolor J.G. Zuccarini subsp. versicolor var. sessilis (A. Gray) R.C. Barneby (Dalea wislizeni A. Gray var. sanctae-crucis (P.A. Rydberg) T.H. Kearney & R.H. Peebles, Dalea wislizeni A. Gray var. sessilis A. Gray): Oakwoods Prairie Clover (terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub; within range reported from rocky slopes, rocky hills and grasslands 3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation; larval food plant for the Ceraunus Blue (Hemigarus ceraunus) and Southern Dogface (Colias cesonia))
Mimosa aculeaticarpa C.G. de Ortega var. biuncifera (G. Bentham) R.C. Barneby (Mimosa biuncifera G. Bentham): Cat Claw, Catclaw Mimosa, Garruno, Gatuno, Una de Gato, Wait-a-bit,
Wait-a-minute, Wait-a-Minute Bush (terrestrial
perennial shrub or small tree (to 8 feet high); within range reported from
mesas, canyons, rocky slopes, hillsides, gravelly flats and along washes 3,000
to 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; provides cover for wildlife
and forage for Whitetail Deer; reportedly useful in controlling erosion)
Phaseolus maculatus G.H. Scheele (Phaseolus metcalfei E.O. Wooten & P.C. Standley): Metcalf Bean, Spotted Bean (terrestrial perennial herb or vine; within range reported from mountains, canyons, slopes and woodlands 4,900 to 7,500 feet elevation)
Prosopis velutina E.O. Wooton (Prosopis juliflora (O. Swartz) A.P. de Condolle var. velutina (E.O. Wooton) C.S. Sargent): Algarroba, Chachaca, Mesquite, Mezquite, Velvet Mesquite (terrestrial perennial deciduous shrub or tree (20 to 50 feet high); within range reported from mesas, canyons, bajadas, slopes, gravelly flats, roadsides, along washes and streams and floodplains below 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; provides food and shelter for many species of wildlife)
Fagaceae: The Beech Family
Quercus arizonica C.S. Sargent: Arizona Oak, Arizona White Oak, Roble (terrestrial perennial evergreen shrub or tree (30 to 60 or more feet high); within range reported from mountains, canyons, slopes, woodlands and foothills 5,000 to7,600 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental, one of the largest of the southwestern oaks)
Quercus emoryi J. Torrey: Blackjack Oak, Black Oak, Bellota, Emory Oak (terrestrial perennial evergreen shrub or tree (to 50 feet high); within range reported from mountains, canyons and canyon bottoms, ridges, slopes, woodlands and foothills 3,000 to 8,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; the acorns “bellotas” are eaten by wildlife and the leaves are browsed by deer)
Fouquieriaceae: The Ocotillo Family
Fouquieria splendens G. Engelmann: Albarda, Barda, Candle Bush, Candle Wood, Coach Whip, Flamingsword, Jacob’s Staff, Monkey-tail, Ocotillo, Ocotillo del Corral, Slimwood, Vine Cactus (terrestrial perennial shrub (7 to 33 feet high); within range reported from mesas, rocky slopes, hills, bajadas, plains and gravelly flats below 6,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; a preferred food plant of Costa’s Hummingbird)
Garryaceae: The Silktassel Family
Garrya wrightii J. Torrey: Coffeeberry-bush, Feverbush, Grayleaf Dogwood, Quinine-bush, Wright’s Silktassel (terrestrial perennial shrub (to15 feet high); within range reported from canyons, rocky slopes, woodlands, scrubs and grasslands 3,000 to 8,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; plants are browsed by deer and Bighorn Sheep)
Hydrangeaceae: The Hydrangea Family
Fendlera wrightii (A. Gray) F.X. Heller (Fendlera rupicola A. Gray var. wrightii A. Gray): Wright’s Fendlerbush (terrestrial perennial shrub (to 6 feet high); within range reported from mountains, canyons, rocky ledges, rocky and gravelly slopes, rocky hillsides, woodlands and rocky soils 2,300 to 6,600 feet elevation; browsed by deer and Bighorn Sheep; useful as an ornamental)
Juglandaceae: The Walnut Family
Juglans major (J. Torrey) A.A. Heller: Arizona Black Walnut, Arizona Walnut, Nogal, Nogal Cimarron, Nogal Encarcelado, Nogal Silvestre (terrestrial perennial deciduous tree (30 to 50 feet high); within range reported from canyons, creeks, streams and rivers 3,500 to 7,000 feet elevation, 1,930 and 2,050 feet elevation at remnant sites in Marana; useful as an ornamental when used as a specimen plant in a large area (requires an ever increasingly large amount of water with age) and as a revegetation plant for the areas immediately adjacent to the main channel of creeks, streams and rivers)
Krameriaceae: The Ratany Family
Krameria erecta C.L. von Wildenow (Krameria parviflora G. Bentham): Chacate, Coashui, Littleleaf Ratany, Pima Ratany, Purple Heather, Range Ratany, Small-flower Ratany (terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub (under 2 feet high); within range reported from mesas, rocky and gravelly slopes, gravelly bajadas, plains and gravelly flats below 5,000 feet)
Lamiaceae (Labiatae): The Mint Family
Hedeoma dentata J. Torrey: Dentate False Pennyroyal, Mock-pennyroyal (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from gravelly slopes 4,000 to 7,500 feet elevation)
Liliaceae: The Lily Family
Lilium parryi S. Watson: Lemon Lily, Parry Lily (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from mountains, canyons, forests, hillsides, springs, along washes, creeks and streams, riparian forests, riparian areas and moist and sandy soils below 7,800 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental, the yellow flowers are fragrant)
Malvaceae: The Mallow Family
Sida abutifolia P. Miller (Sida filicaulis J. Torrey & A. Gray, Sida procumbens E.J. Schwartz): Spreading Fanpetals, Spreading Sida (terrestrial annual or perennial herb; within range reported from mesas, rocky and gravelly slopes, gravelly bajadas, plains and gravelly and sandy flats 2,500 to 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Orchidaceae: The Orchid Family
Hexalectris revoluta D.S. Correll: Chisos Coral-root; Chisos Mountain Coralroot, Chisos Mountain Crested Corair, Chisos Mountain Crested Coralroot, Correll’s Cock’s Comb, Curly Coralroot, Raiz de Coral Revoluta, Recurved Crested Coralroot (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from mountains, canyons and canyon bottoms, rocky cliffs, hillsides, rocky outcrops and woodlands 4,100 to 8,000 feet elevation)
Papaveraceae: The Poppy Family
Argemone pleiacantha E.L. Greene: Bluestem Pricklepoppy, Chicolote,
Cowboys’ Fried Eggs,
Pineaceae: The Pine Family
Pinus cembroides J.G. Zuccarini: Mexican Pinyon, Mexican Pinyon Pine, Nut Pine, Pinon, Pinyon Pine (terrestrial perennial evergreen tree (15 to 50 feet high); within range reported from mountains, mesas, plateaus, rocky slopes, among boulders and along streambeds 5,000 to 7,500 feet elevation; the seeds are eaten by wildlife; useful as an ornamental)
Poaceae (Gramineae): The Grass Family
Aristida ternipes A.J. Cavanilles: Spidergrass (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from mesas, plateaus, rocky and gravelly slopes, hills, gravelly and sandy bajadas, gravelly flats, roadsides and disturbed areas below 6,000 feet elevation)
Bothriochloa barbinodis (M. Lagasca y Segura) W.G. Herter (Andropogon barbinodis M. Lagasca y Segura): Algodonero, Bristlejoint Bluestem, Cane Beard Grass, Cane Bluestem, Perforated Bluestem, Pinhole Beardgrass, Pinhole Bluestem, Popotillo, Zacate Popotillo (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from rocky slopes, gravelly flats and along washes 1,000 to 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Bouteloua chondrosioides (K.S. Kunth in Humbolt, Bonpland and Kunth) G. Bentham ex S. Watson: Harvard Grama, Sprucetop Grama, Woolly-spiked Grama (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from rocky slopes and rocky flats 2,000 to 5,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Bouteloua curtipendula (A. Michaux) J. Torrey: Navajita Banderilla,
Sideoats Grama (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from mesas, rocky and
gravelly slopes and hills 1,800 to 7,000 feet elevation; larval food plant for
the
Cynodon dactylon (C. Linnaeus) C.H. Persoon: Bermudagrass, Devil Grass, European Bermuda Grass, Pata de Gallo, Zacate Bermuda, Zacate Ingles (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from canyons, roadsides, seeps, moist soil along washes, streambeds, cienegas and disturbed areas below 6,000 feet elevation. EXOTIC Invasive Plant; poses a significant threat to native habitat)
Dasyochloa pulchella (K.S. Kunth in Humbolt, Bonpland and Kunth) C.L. von Wildenow x P.A. Rydberg (Erioneuron pulchellum (K.S. Kunth in Humbolt, Bonpland and Kunth) T. Tateoka, Tridens pulchellus (K.S. Kunth in Humbolt, Bonpland and Kunth) A.S. Hitchcock): Desert Fluffgrass, Fluffgrass, Low Woollygrass, Zacate Borreguero (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from mesas, rocky slopes, rocky hills, gravelly bajadas and gravelly flats below 5,500 feet elevation)
Digitaria californica (G. Bentham) J.S. Henrickson (Trichachne californica (G. Bentham) M.A. Chase): Arizona Cottontop, California Cottontop, Cotton-top, Zacate Punta Blanca (terrestrial perennial herb or subshrub; within range reported from mesas, canyons, rocky slopes and gravelly flats 1,000 to 6,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Heteropogon contortus (C. Linnaeus) A.M. Palisot de Beauvois ex J.J. Roemer & J.A. Schultes: Barba Negra, Tanglehead, Tanglehead Grass, Retorcido Moreno, Zacate Colorado (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from canyons, rocky and gravelly slopes, ravines, plains, flats, roadsides and along washes 1,000 to 5,500 feet elevation)
Lycurus setosus (T. Nuttall) C.O. Reeder: Bristly Wolfstail (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from open mesas and rocky and gravelly slopes below 5,800 feet elevation)
Muhlenbergia rigens (G. Bentham) A.S. Hitchcock: Deer Grass, Deergrass (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from plateaus, canyons, rocky slopes, meadows, flats and along washes and streambeds 2,500 to 7,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Setaria vulpiseta (J.B. de Lamarck) J.J. Roemer & J.A. Shultes (Setaria macrostachya K.S. Kunth in Humbolt, Bonpland and Kunth): Assaak, Plains Bristlegrass, Xikkaa Kiix, Zacate Tempranero, Zacate Temprano (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from canyons, rocky slopes, plains, gravelly flats, along washes and streambeds 2,000 to 7,000 feet elevation)
Sporobolus wrightii Munro ex F.L. Scribner (Sporobolus airoides (J. Torrey) J. Torrey var. wrightii (W. Munro ex F.L. Scribner) F.W. Gould): Alkali Sacaton, Big Sacaton, Sacaton, Sacaton Grass, Wright Sacaton, Zacaton (terrestrial perennial herb; within range reported from plateaus, rocky slopes, flats, along washes, river banks, floodplains and bottomlands 2,000 to 7,500 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Rhamnaceae: The Buckthorn Family
Ceanothus greggii A. Gray var. greggii: Buckbrush, Desert Ceanothus, Gregg Ceanothus, Mountain Balm, Wild Lilac (terrestrial perennial shrub (to 8 feet high); within range reported from mountains, ridges, slopes, woodlands, foothills, hills, rocky hillsides, scrubs, grasslands, along streams and riparian areas 3,000 to 8,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental; plants are browsed by deer, birds and small mammals eat the seeds)
Condalia warnockii M.C. Johnston var. kearneyana M.C. Johnston: Crucillo, Guichutilla, Kearney Condalia, Kearney’s Snakewood, Mexican Crucillo, Squawbush (terrestrial perennial shrub (to 10 feet high); within range reported from mesas, rocky slopes, gravelly bajadas, gravelly flats and along washes 2,500 to 5,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Ziziphus obtusifolia (W.J. Hooker ex J. Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray var. canescens (A. Gray) M.C. Johnston (Condalia lycioides (A. Gray) A. Weberbauer var. canescens (A. Gray) W. Trelease): Abrojo, Bachata, Barbachatas, Clepe, Garrapata, Garumbullo, Gray-leaved Abrojo, Gray-thorn, Greythorn, Gumdrop Tree, Lotebush, Palo Blanco, Southwestern Condalia, White Crucillo (terrestrial perennial shrub or small tree (to 10 feet high); within range reported from mesas, gravelly slopes, gravelly bajadas, plains, gravelly flats, along washes and streambeds and bottomlands 1,000 to 5,000 feet elevation; useful as an ornamental)
Rosaceae: The Rose Family
Cercocarpus montanus C.S. Rafinesque: Alderleaf Mountain Mahogany, Deerbrowse, Featherbush, Hardtack, Palo Duro, True Mountain Mahogany (terrestrial perennial shrub or tree (to 10 feet high); within range reported from mountains, canyons, rocky slopes, hillsides, scrubs and grasslands 4,500 to 7,000 feet elevation)
Ulmaceae: The Elm Family
Celtis laevigata C.L. von Wildenow var. reticulata (J. Torrey) L. Benson (Celtis reticulata (J. Torrey) L. Benson): Canyon Hackberry, False Elm, Netleaf Hackberry, Palo Blanco, Sugarberry, Western Hackberry (terrestrial perennial deciduous shrub or tree (to 30 feet high); within range reported from moist soils of canyons, hillsides, flats, fencerows and along washes and streams 1,500 to 3,500 feet elevation; the fruit is eaten by wildlife; useful as an ornamental)
Viscaceae: The Christmas Mistletoe Family
(Loranthaceae: The Mistletoe Family)
Phoradendron californicum T. Nuttall (Phoradendron californicum T. Nuttall var. distans W. Trelease): American Mistletoe, Desert Mistletoe, Mesquite Mistletoe, Toji, Western Dwarf Mistletoe (terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub; partial parasite observed growing on Catclaw Acacia, commonly found on Acacia spp., Condalia spp., Larrea spp., Olneya spp., Parkinsonia spp., Prosopis spp., and Ziziphus spp. below 4,000 feet elevation; Phainopeplas feed on the berries and disperse the seeds to other host plants; Verdins nest in the stems; the fragrant flowers attract insects)
Phoradendron juniperinum G. Engelmann ex A. Gray: Juniper Mistletoe (terrestrial perennial subshrub or shrub; partial parasite observed growing on One-seed Juniper, commonly found on Juniperus spp. 4,000 to 7,000 feet elevation)
Vitaceae: The Grape Family
Vitis arizonica G. Engelmann: Arizona Grape, Canyon Grape, Parra Cimarrona, Parra del Monte, Vid (terrestrial perennial deciduous vine or woody climber; within range reported from canyons and along creeks, streams and watercourses 2,000 to 7,500 feet elevation)
Zygophyllaceae: The Creosote-bush Family
Kallstroemia grandiflora J. Torrey ex A Gray: Arizona Caltrop, Arizona Poppy, Arizona Summer Poppy, Baiborin, Desert Poppy, Mexican Poppy, Orange Caltrop, Summer Poppy (terrestrial summer annual herb; within range reported from mesas, canyons, rocky slopes, gravelly bajadas, plains, rocky and gravelly flats, roadsides and washes below 5,000 feet elevation)
LISTING OF ANIMALS
BIRDS
Corvidae: The Crow, Jay, Magpie and Raven Family
Corvus corax Linnaeus: American Raven, Common Raven, Hawani (Tohono O’odham), Cuervo Comun (Hispanic), Cuervo Grande (Hispanic) (feeds on small animals and birds, berries, carrion, insects and seeds; nests are made of bones, sticks and wool located on cliffs, saguaros and trees)
INSECTS
Order Lepidoptera: Butterflies, Moths and Skippers
Hesperiidae: The Skipper Family
Agathymus aryxna (Dyar): Arizona Giant Skipper, Aryxna Agave Borer, Aryxna Giant Skipper (reported from mountains, rocky canyons, hillsides and grasslands; larvae are leaf borers feeding on Agave leaves and stems)
MAMMALS
Muridae: The Mouse and Rat Family
Baiomys taylori (Blossum & Burt): Northern Pygmy Mouse, Raton Enono Norteno (Hispanic) (feeds on grass, the fruit and stems of pricklypear cacti, seeds and snails; reported from mountains, plains, grasslands and riparian areas; nests are balls of grass located underground low in vegetation)
Reithrodontomys fulvescens (Benson): Fulvous
Harvest Mouse (feeds on insects and
other invertebrates and seeds)
Sigmodon ochrognathus (V. Bailey): Rata Nariz Amarilla (Hispanic), Yellow-nosed Cotton Rat (nests are made of grass and plant fibers in agaves, beargrass, piles of dead leaves or in abandoned gopher burrows)
Phyllostomatidae: The Leaf-nosed Bat Family
Leptonycteris curasoae subsp. yerbabuenae
(
REPTILES
Colubridae: The Colubrid Family
Gyalopion canum (Cope): Chihuahuan Hook-nosed Snake, Western Hooknose Snake (feeds on spiders; reported from rocky areas, alluvial deposits and grassy flats in woodlands, scrubs, grasslands and desertscrubs; spends most of its time in underground burrows)
Senticolis triaspis subsp. intermedia Boetteger: Northern Green Ratsnake (feeds on birds and rodents; reported from mountains, rocky canyon bottoms, rocky slopes, forests, along streams and areas with intermittent water, riparian areas; shelters in rocks and burrows)
Helodermatidae: The Beaded Lizard Family
Heloderma suspectum Cope subsp. suspectum: Reticulate Gila Monster (feeds on invertebrates, lizards, mammals, snakes, and eggs of birds and reptiles; reported from canyons, woodlands, scrubs, bajadas, grasslands, desertscrubs, flats, washes, floodplains and mesquite bosques; venomous lizard)
Teiidae: The Whiptail and Allies Family
Aspidoscelis burti Burger subsp. stictogrammus (Cnemidophorus
burti
Listing Footnotes
(1) National Geographic
(2) Walker, Henry P. and Don
Bufkin. 1979. Historical Atlas of
(3)
(4) Brown, David E., Biotic Communities of the American Southwest – United States and Mexico, Desert Plants, Volume 4, Numbers 1-4, Published by the University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, 1982, and associated map: Brown, David E. and Charles H. Lowe, Biotic Communities of the Southwest, August 1980, General Technical Report RM-78, United Stated Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Revised June 1983
(5) Nomenclature generally
follows that presented by The Biota of North America Program of the North
Carolina Botanical Garden (BONAP) with A Synonymized
Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/b98/check98.htm
(6) Growth habits generally
coincide with that given by the National Plants Database. Common names
identified in the database have been printed in bold lettering: USDA, NRCS.
2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov).
Literature, References and Web Sites Cited,
Consulted and Visited for Listings
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*
*Arizona Game and
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* Arizona General Soil Map, July 1975, United States Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service and the University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, compiled by J.E. Jay, Y.H. Havens, D.M. Hendricks, D.F. Post and C.W. Guernsey.
*
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*The Biota of North America Program of the North Carolina Botanical Garden (BONAP) with A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Full Index 1998.
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*Biota Information System of
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*Bowers, Janice E. and Steven P. McLaughlin.
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*Bowers, J.E., and R.M. Turner. 1985. A Revised Vascular Flora of Tumamoc Hill.
*Breitung, August J., The Agaves, The Cactus
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*Brenzel, Kathleen N. 2001.
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Publishing Corporation,
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*Catalogue of
http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/index/nwgctA.html
*Chamber, Nina – Sonoran
Institute & Hawkins, Trica Oshant - Environmental Education Exchange.
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*Checklist of North American
Butterflies Occurring North of
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*The Collection, Volume 4 Issue 4, Winter 2002-2003
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Richardson and
*Duffield, Mary Rose and Warren D. Jones.
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*Especies Forestales No Maderables - Indices
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*Felger, Richard S. 1997.
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*
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*Gould, Frank W. 1951. Grasses of Southwestern
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*Hawksworth, Frank G. and Delbert
Wiens. March 1996.
http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/publications/ah_709/index.html
*Haynes, Lisa and Susan Schuetze. 1997. Pamphlet: A Sampler of Arizona’s Threatened and Endangered Wildlife, Arizona Game and Fish Department and Arizona Department of Agriculture.
*The Hermannia Pages: American Species
http://www.meden.demon.co.uk/Malvaceae/Hermannia/American.html
*Heymann, M.M. 1975. Reptiles and
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*Hoffmeister. 1980. Ursus arctos, Specimens in Collections
*Housholder, Bob. 1966. The
Grizzly Bear in
*Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
*The International Plant Names Index (2004), accessed 2005. Published on the Internet
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*Johnson, Matthew Brian. 2004. Cacti, other
Succulents, and Unusual Xerophytes of Southern Arizona, Boyce Thompson
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*Kearney, Thomas K. and Robert H. Peebles.
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*Krausman, Paul R. and Michael L.
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(1903 to 2002),
*Laymon, Stephen A. Paper: Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
*Lellinger, David B. 1985. A Field Manual of
the Ferns and Fern-Allies of the United States and Canada, Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
*Little, Elbert L. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees – Western Region, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York.
*Lowe, Charles H. 1964. The
Vertebrates of
*Maus, Kathryn. September 2002.
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*Maus, Kathryn.
*McLaughlin, Steven P. July 18, 1990. Flora of
Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge (including Arivaca Cienega), Office of
Arid Land Studies, University of Arizona.
*
*Milne, Lorus and Margery. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York.
*Minckly, W. L. 1973. Fishes of
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*National Geographic
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*Native Grasses from
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*Olin, George. 1982. Mammals of
the
*Owensby, Clenton. 2002. Line
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*Page,
*Parker, Kittie F. 1982. An Illustrated Guide
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*Peterson, Roger Tory. 1961. A
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*
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*
*
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*Ransom, Jay Ellis. 1981. Harper
and Row’s Complete Field Guide to North American Wildlife, Western Edition,
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*Raven, Peter H., Ray F. Evert and Helena
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*
*Rondeau, Renee, Thomas R. Van Devender, C.
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*Rosen, P