April 17, 2008 Update

TOWNSHIP 11 SOUTH, RANGE 03 WEST, PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA

Gila and Salt River Baseline and Meridian

“An increasing need for careful husbandry of the earth’s natural resources has renewed interest

in the classification and mapping of ecosystems. The inventory of our remaining biotic entities is particularly urgent because the increased aspirations of a constantly growing world population

are placing ever greater stress on these generous, but finite, living resources.”

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-73

This photograph was taken looking southeast into the Sauceda Mountains.

William T. Kendall June 25, 2005

“To know the desert involves an acquaintance with all its aspects, and all its physical features,

as well as all of the animals and plants that have learned how to find in it a congenial place to live. The

most significant lesson that the desert dweller can learn from a familiarity with its plant and animal life is to

regard himself not as an exile from some better place, but as a man at home in an environment to which his life can be adjusted without physical or intellectual loss.” Forest Shreve, The Cactus and

Its Home (Found in Discovering the Desert, by William G. McGinnies)

MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION

William T. Kendall *WTK (observation date, if shown)*.

Arizona Game and Fish Department, Heritage Data Management System - Special Status Species Reports *8*.

Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet) *85 (date of search for information on species)*.

E. Lendell Cockrum, 1960. The Recent Mammals of Arizona: Their Taxonomy and Distribution, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona. This Inclusion is based on the general distribution maps and statements. *118 (distribution note, map - Figure Number and Page Number)*.

SPECIES DISTRIBUTION LISTINGS

Species Distribution Listings are being developed to encourage and promote the conservation of local native animals and plants. Species Distribution Listings are developed for legally defined geographic areas, and larger bodies of water. Listings include species reported as having been observed in or reported from the described area. Due to continuing additions and corrections the listings should be considered works in progress. The source(s) used for the inclusion of the species in a listing is highlighted in green *00* in the footnotes. Due to the lack of first hand knowledge, in the listing of animals, unless otherwise noted in the footnotes, species may be included based on general distribution maps and/or statements and not on an actual sight record. I recommend that we consider a species as being “confirmed” to a township or general listing area only after we have at least three recorded sightings, cited in the footnotes, with no more than one of those records being based on general distribution mapping for the species. Note that the Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet) *85* may have several collections recorded for a species within any given township or listing area, and that the date shown in parentheses is a date of the search of their records and not a date of recorded sighting. Note also that many of the individual species collection records found in SEINet include additional associated species.

Individual species records are presented alphabetically by division, class, family and genus within their kingdoms. Following the scientific name is the authority, common synonym(s), common name(s), a general description of the species habitat, the biotic communities in which it has reportedly been observed and footnotes. An attempt is being made to identify the range in mature (flowering/fruiting) heights reported for the plants. The habitat description is provided in order to help you visualize the types of natural habitats the species is found in and ones in which it might be planted back into in a landscape or restoration project. The range in elevation has been rounded off to the nearest 100 feet up, for the higher elevation or down, for the lower elevation. Species reported from within 0 to 100 feet as their lower elevation limit have been recorded as occurring “from sea level”. Species once reported as having occurred within the described area, but that no longer occurs there are shown are having been EXTIRPATED. This list includes species that are not native to Arizona (EXOTIC). Exotic plants are not recommended for use in landscaping or restoration projects. Disjunct species, outliers and plants on the edge of the main population, as observed by the surveyor, may be noted as being PERIPHERAL PLANT(S). Landscaped plants are not included in the listings unless they have become naturalized into the surrounding native environment.

Local native plants are recommended for use in landscape and restoration projects. Many native species require little, if any, irrigation once established. Ideally restoration should include those plants that were native to the property prior to clearing. In order to determine what plants were native to the property you might try to locate photographs of the property prior to clearing or look for natural areas and remnant populations and plants adjacent to where the restoration is to take place. Plants should be planted in their approximate original habitat and density.

The use of native plants in landscape and restoration projects encourages native animals to remain in the area and helps to retain the areas natural beauty and unique identity and heritage.

Species Distribution Lists are periodically updated and revised. These listings have been created and maintained by William T. Kendall. Questions, concerns, corrections and comments, including the reporting of unrecorded species and information relating to historical distributions, may be sent to the following address: Kendall Environmental Surveys, P.O. Box 86091, Tucson, Arizona 85754-6091, or E-mail to:KendallEnvironmentalSurveys@msn.com.

DISCLAIMER: The information presented as township notes has been obtained from large scale mapping and should be used only as a general guide. These listings are not meant to take the place of on-site surveys for species. Information used in these lists is accepted from biologists and individuals interested in helping to promote the conservation of our natural resources. Mistakes are made in the identification of species and in the recording of information, and changes in nomenclature occur. For these reasons I can not and do not warrant the accuracy of these listings. Attempts are made to keep the information contained in the Species Distribution Listings as accurate as possible, but Kendall Environmental Surveys disclaims any implied warranty or representation about its accuracy, completeness, or appropriateness for any particular purposes. Users of the information found in the listings assume full responsibility for their use of the information and understand that Kendall Environmental Surveys is not responsible or liable for any claim, loss, or damage resulting from its use.

CAUTION: Many native desert plants have sharp thorns and spines. Care should be given when handling these plants and consideration should be given to public safety at sites where they are to be planted. Range plants having a known toxic or poisonous property may be so noted. Footnotes for plants whose sources may have cautionary statements, comments and information on rarely poisonous or suspected poisonous range plants may be shown in red (*00*). Many poisonous plants are similar in appearance to edible ones. No field collected plant should be eaten unless you know for a fact that it is safe for you to do so.

CONTENTS

Introduction

Township Notes

Native Plant Conservation Organizations and Nurseries

Listing of Plants

Kingdom Plantae: The Plant Kingdom

Subkingdom Tracheobionta: The Vascular Plants

Division Pteridophyta: The Ferns

Class Filicopsida: The Ferns

Superdivision Spermatophyta: The Seed Plants

Division Gnetophyta: The Gnetophytes

Class Gnetopsida: The Gnetops

Division Magnoliophyta: The Flowering Plants

Class Liliopsida: The Monocots

Class Magnoliopsida: The Dicots

Listing of Animals

Kingdom Animalia: The Animal Kingdom

Subkingdom Metazoa: The Multicellular Animals

Section Deuterostomia: The Deuterostomes

Phylum Chordata: The Chordates

Subphylum Vertebrata: The Vertebrates

Class Aves: The Birds

Class Mammalia: The Mammals

Class Reptilia: The Reptiles

Acknowledgements

Species Distribution Listings Footnotes and References

TOWNSHIP NOTES

LOCATION: This township is located in northwestern Pima County in south-central Arizona. This township is bounded on the north by the Pima/Maricopa County Line. A portion of the Tohono O’odham Nation is located within the eastern half of this township.

LANDMARKS: Portions of the Sauceda Mountains and the Sikort Chuapo Mountains are located within this township. Named peaks include Coffeepot Mountain (3,466 feet). A portion of this township is located within the Hickiwan Valley. Named washes include the Hickiwan Wash.

ELEVATION: Elevations range from approximately 2,320 feet near the southeast corner to approximately 4,118 feet at an unnamed peak in the Sauceda Mountains in the central portion of the township (1).

PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCE: This township is located within the Sonoran Desert Section of the Basin and Range Physiographic Province (2).

SOILS: Soils have been described as being Hyperthermic (very hot) Arid Soils (soils with mean annual soil temperatures of more than 72 degrees Fahrenheit (22 degrees Centigrade) and less than 10 inches (25 cm) mean annual precipitation) of the Gunsight - Rillito - Harqua Association (deep, gravelly, calcareous soils on the upper slopes) and the Rock Outcrop - Lomitas - Cherioni Association (rock outcrops and very shallow, and shallow soils on low hills and mountains) (3).

BIOTIC COMMUNITY: This township is located within the Arizona Upland Subdivision of the Sonoran Desertscrub Regional Formation of the Desertscrub Formation with associated Wetlands (4).

Map Printed from TOPO! R C 2002 National Geographic

Map of Township and Adjacent Sections

A FEW OF THE NATIVE PLANTS REPORTED AS OCCURRING IN THIS TOWNSHIP THAT MIGHT BE CONSIDERED FOR USE IN LANDSCAPE AND RESTORATION PROJECTS

Trees and Large Shrubs (over 7 feet in height)

Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea - 5’ to 60’)

Desert Ironwood (Olneya tesota - 10’ to 33’)

Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens - 5’ to 33’)

Foothill Paloverde (Parkinsonia microphylla - 6’ to 26’)

Organ Pipe Cactus (Stenocereus thurberi - 5’ to 25’)

Catclaw Acacia (Acacia greggii var. greggii - 40” to 25’)

Desert Hackberry (Celtis ehrenbergiana - 3’ to 20’)

Whitethorn Acacia (Acacia constricta - 2’ to 18’)

Chain-fruit Cholla (Cylindropuntia fulgida var. fulgida - 3’ to 15’)

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis - 2’ to 12’)

Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata var. tridentata - 20” to 12’)

Desert Broom (Baccharis sarothroides - 3’ to 10’)

Parish Desert-thorn (Lycium parishii - 3’ to 10’)

Skunkbush Sumac (Rhus trilobata var. trilobata - 2’ to 10’)

Arizona Yucca (Yucca x schottii (pro sp.) [baccata x elata] - trunkless to 10’)

Teddybear Cholla (Cylindropuntia bigelovii - 3’ to 9’)

Smooth Chain-fruit Cholla (Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mammillata -2’ to 9’)

Desert Honeysuckle (Anisacanthus thurberi - 3’ to 8’)

Berlandier Lycium (Lycium berlandieri - 3’ to 8’)

Emory Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus emoryi - 1’ to 8’)

Vines and Climbers

Hartweg Twinevine (Funastrum cynanchoides subsp. heterophyllum - 20” to 40’)

Schott Yellowhood (Nissolia schottii)

Slender Janusia (Janusia gracilis - 18” to 10’)

Shrubs (2 to 7 feet in height)

Rock Sage (Salvia pinguifolia - 40” to 7’)

Major Cholla (Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa var. major - 3’ to 7’)

Canyon Ragweed (Ambrosia ambrosioides - 1’ to 7’)

California Brickellbush (Brickellia californica var. californica - 1’ to 7’)

Limberbush (Jatropha cardiophylla - 1’ to 7’)

Major Pricklypear Cactus (Opuntia phaeacantha - 1’ to 7’)

Desert Rosemallow (Hibiscus coulteri - 3” to 7’)

Pancake Pricklypear Cactus (Opuntia chlorotica - 3’ to 6’)

Desert Christmas Cactus (Cylindropuntia leptocaulis - 2’ to 6’)

Desert Pricklypear Cactus (Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii - 20” to 6’)

White Brittlebush (Encelia farinosa - 18” to 6’)

California Copperleaf (Acalypha californica - 20” to 5’)

Rough Jointfir (Ephedra aspera - 1’ to 5’)

White Rantany (Krameria grayi - 1’ to 5’)

Triangleleaf Bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea - 12” to 40”)

Turpentine Bush (Ericameria laricifolia - 12” to 40”)

Desert Agave (Agave deserti subsp. simplex - 12” to 28”)

Grasses

Cane Bluestem (Bothriochloa barbinodis - 24” to 60”)

Green Sprangletop (Leptochloa dubia - 16” to 60”)

Arizona Cottontop (Digitaria californica - 12” to 48”)

Bush Muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri - 12” to 44”)

Sideoats Grama (Bouteloua curtipendula var. caespitosa - 12” to 40”)

Squirreltail (Elymus elymoides - 4” to 40”)

Slim Tridens (Tridens muticus - 3” to 32”)

Rothrock Grama (Bouteloua rothrockii - 10” to 26”)

Slender Grama (Bouteloua repens - 4” to 20”)

Bigelow Bluegrass (Poa bigelovii - 2” to 20”),

Curly Mesquite (Hilaria belangeri - 6” to 14”)

Desert Fluffgrass (Dasyochloa pulchella - 2” to 6”)

Shrubs (under 2’), Subshrubs, Herbs and Small Succulents

Hoary Indian Mallow (Abutilon incanum - 8” to 13’)

Shrubby Indian Mallow (Abutilon abutiloides - 16” to 6’)

Brownfoot (Acourtia wrightii - 12” to 52”)

Bladdermallow (Herissantia crispa - 8” to 4’)

Eaton Penstemon (Penstemon eatoni subsp. eatoni - 12” to 36”)

Lacy Tansyaster (Machaeranthera pinnatifida - 4” to 36”)

Arizona Monardella (Monardella arizonica - 12” to 32”)

Heartleaf Suncup (Camissonia cardiophylla subsp. cardiophylla - to 30”)

Covena (Dichelostemma capitatum subsp. pauciflorum - 16” to 30”)

Whitestem Paperflower (Psilostrophe cooperi - 4” to 30”)

Sierra Woolly Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja lanata subsp. lanata - 12” to 24”)

Desert Senna (Senna covesii - 12” to 24”)

Wavy Scaly Cloakfern (Astrolepis sinuata subsp. sinuata - 4” to 24”)

Abert Buckwheat (Eriogonum abertianum - 4” to 24”)

Mexican Gold Poppy (Eschscholzia californica subsp. mexicana - 4” to 24”)

Mojave Lupine (Lupinus sparsiflorus - 8” to 20”)

Desert Windflower (Anemone tuberosa var. tuberosa - 4” to 20”)

Bundle Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocereus fasciculatus - 4” to 18”)

Spiny Cliff-brake (Pellaea truncata - 4½” to 16½”)

Cochise Scaley Cloakfern (Astrolepis cochisensis - 3” to 16”)

Maxon’s Goldback Fern (Pentagramma triangularis subsp. maxonii - 2” to 16”)

Needle-spined Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocereus engelmannii var. acicularis - 6” to 15”)

Desert Holly (Acourtia nana - 4” to 10”)

Woolly Crinklemat (Tiquilia canescens var. canescens - to 8”)

California Goldfields (Lasthenia californica subsp. californica - 3” to 8”)

Graham Pincushion Cactus (Mammillaria grahamii - 2” to 8”)

Miniature Woollystar (Eriastrum diffusum - 1½” to 8”)

CONSERVATION RELATED ORGANIZATIONS AND NURSERIES

Arizona Department of Agriculture

http://www.azda.gov/

The Arizona Department of Agriculture enforces the sections of the Arizona Revised Statutes commonly referred to as the “Arizona Native Plant Law”. The Native Plant Law requires, in part, that anyone who is clearing land notify the State of Arizona in advance of the clearing. Some land owners involved in the clearing of land allow for nurseries and people who are interested in salvaging plants to do so prior to the clearing. The Arizona Department of Agriculture posts these notifications in their county offices. You may also contact the Arizona Department of Agriculture and, for a fee, be put on a mailing list of people receiving copies of the Notices of Intent to Clear Land.

Contact Information: Arizona Department of Agriculture, 1688 West Adams Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85007; 602-542-4373.

Arizona Native Plant Society

http://aznps.org/

The Arizona Native Plant Society is a statewide nonprofit organization devoted to Arizona's native plants. Its mission is to promote knowledge, appreciation, conservation, and restoration of Arizona native plants and their habitats. They work with the Southwest Rare Plant Task Force to develop strategies for protecting rare species and their habitats; they keep abreast of conservation issues concerning native plants species and responds to those through their Conservation Committee; they promote the use of native species in residential and commercial landscapes; they publish the Plant Press, support the publication of scholarly works and maintains a website with information and links about native plant, and they host a series of statewide events that provide forums to learn from professionals. Member activities and benefits include chapter and statewide gatherings; field trips and educational presentations; conservation through education, outreach and restoration; habitat restoration projects; informative website, newsletters and journals, and interactions with plant experts and enthusiasts.

LISTING OF SOURCES FOR NATIVE PLANTS AND SEEDS

The Arizona Native Plant Society maintains a listing of Native Plant and Seed Sources at: http://www.aznps.org/sources.html

Contact Information: Arizona Native Plant Society, PO Box 41206, Tucson, Arizona 85717.

Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society

http://www.tucsoncactus.org/

The Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to educating, teaching and learning about cacti and succulent plants. Their monthly programs feature knowledgeable individuals who can educate you and help you understand more about these fascinating plants. They conduct and sponsor native cactus and succulent rescue operations, plant sales, field trips, nursery and garden visits, conventions and conferences as well as other activities throughout the year.

NATIVE PLANT RESCUE NOTICE

The Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society puts a tremendous amount of time and effort into the

organizing and overseeing of their rescue events. The native plant rescues carried out by the dedicated

members of the Society provide an immeasurable service to our community.

The Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society organizes native plant rescues in areas being cleared for development. If interested in rescuing plants and/or obtaining local native plants for your landscaping or restoration project join the Society and become a rescue crew member.

Contact Information: Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society, PO Box 64759, Tucson, Arizona 85728-4759; 520-885-6367.

Desert Survivors Native Plant Nursery

http://www.desertsurvivors.org/nursery.asp

The Desert Survivors Native Plant Nursery sells many local native plants and is willing to consider growing any native plant for which there is a buyer.

Contact Information: Desert Survivors Native Plant Nursery, 1020 West Starr Pass Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85713; 520-791-9309.

Native Seeds/SEARCH

http://www.nativeseeds.org

The Native Seeds/SEARCH is a nonprofit conservation organization that seeks to preserve the crop seeds that connect the Native American cultures to their lands. The mission of the Native Seeds/SEARCH is to conserve, distribute and document the adapted and diverse varieties of agricultural seeds, their wild relatives and the role these seeds play in the cultures of the American Southwest and Northwest Mexico.

Contact Information: Native Seeds/SEARCH, 526 North Fourth Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85705; 520-622-5561, toll free at 866-622-5561, FAX 520-622-5561; e-mail: info@nativeseeds.org

Tohono Chul Park Greenhouse

http://www.tohonochulpark.org/

The Tohono Chul Park Greenhouse offers for sale a wide variety of native and arid adapted plants. Many of these plants require minimal watering once they are established. Flowers, trees, bushes and seeds are sold throughout the year.

Contact Information: Tohono Chul Park, 7366 North Paseo del Norte, Tucson, Arizona 85704-4415; Information: 520-742-6455 (Greenhouse ext. 239), FAX: 520-797-1213, Russ Buhrow, Curator of Plants, 520-742-6455 ext. 234; e-mail: russbuhrow@tohonochulpark.org

Wildlife Rehabilitation of Northwest Tucson

The goal of Wildlife Rehabilitation of Northwest Tucson is to provide experienced care for injured and orphaned wild birds and mammals so that they can be released back into the wild. For assistance with an injured bird or mammal, please call 520-743-0217, briefly explain the situation, being sure to repeat your name and phone number before ending the call.

Contact Information: Lewis and Janet Miller, 3690 Hills of Gold, Tucson, Arizona 85745; 520-743-0217.

LISTING OF PLANTS

STRICTLY ENFORCED LAWS PROTECT MANY OF ARIZONA’S NATIVE PLANTS FROM

COLLECTION, MUTILATION AND DESTRUCTION

* numbers appearing between the asterisks relate to footnotes and sources of information*

Kingdom Plantae: The Plant Kingdom

Subkingdom Tracheobionta: The Vascular Plants

Division Pteridophyta: The Ferns

CLASS FILICOPSIDA: The FERNS

Family Pteridaceae: The Maidenhair Fern Family

Astrolepis cochisensis (L.N. Goodding) R.W. Benham & M.D. Windham (5): Cochise Scaly Cloakfern

COMMON NAMES: Cloak Fern, Cloakfern, Cochise’s Cloak Fern, Cochise Scaly Cloakfern, Helechillo (Hispanic), Jimmyfern, Narrow Cloakfern, Scaly Star Fern. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen forb/herb (fronds are 3 to 16 inches in length) (6), the color of the foliage is olive green above and reddish-brown beneath with brown to reddish-brown stipes. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; cliffs; cliff faces; canyons; rocky canyon walls; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in boulders and rocks; buttes; rocky ledges; rocky ridges; foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; rocky slopes; rock outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; flats; shaded arroyos; draws; along streams; bouldery stream bottoms; along and in washes; banks, and riparian areas in bouldery, bouldery-sandy and rocky soils; gravelly loam soils, and cobbly-gravelly silty and silty soils, occurring from 1,100 to 7,000 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: This plant may be useful as an ornamental. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph - Notholaena cochisensis), 46 (Notholaena sinuata (Lag.) Kaulf.), 51 (subsp. cochisensis, color photograph of Notholaena cochisensis Goodding), 63 (122007), 77, 80 (Notholaena sinuata var. cochisensis is listed as a Secondary Poisonous Range Plant. “Apparently only the variety cochisensis is poisonous. The nature of the poison is unknown but it is excreted in the milk and is not destroyed by drying of the plant. Sheep are most susceptible, especially pregnant ewes, but goats and cattle may be poisoned. ... The danger is greatest from the middle of November through February when other forage is dry and the evergreen fern remains succulent and relatively palatable. ... Losses may be prevented by deferring infested ranges during the danger period or by feeding supplements.” See text for additional information.), 85 (122207), 122*

Astrolepis sinuata (M. Lagasca y Segura ex O. Swartz) R.W. Benham & M.D. Windham (subsp. sinuata is the subspecies reported as occurring in Arizona): Wavy Scaly Cloakfern

SYNONYMY: (Cheilanthes sinuata (M. Lagasca y Segura ex O. Swartz) K. Domin, Notholaena sinuata (M. Lagasca y Segura ex O. Swartz) G.F. Kaulfuss). COMMON NAMES: Bulb Cloakfern, Canaguala (Hispanic), Cloak-fern, Helecho (Hispanic), Jimmy-fern, Kalawala (Tarahumara), Wavy Cloak Fern, Wavy Scaly Cloakfern, Wavy-leaved Star Fern. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen forb/herb (fronds are 4 to 32 inches in length), the stipes are reddish-brown or brown and the leaf blades dark green or olive green. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky mountainsides; mesas; canyons; canyon bottoms; along rocky cliffs; cliff faces; cliff walls; rocky canyons; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; rocky ledges; rock niches; ridge tops; foothills; hills; rocky hillsides; shaded nooks; rocky and stony slopes; rock outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; pockets of soil on bedrock; arroyos; along bedrock ravines; along streams; creek beds; sandy river beds; along washes; drainages, and riparian areas in bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy soils; gravelly loam and sandy-clayey loam soils, and silty soils, occurring from 1,300 to 8,000 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: This plant may be useful as an ornamental. *5, 6, 15, 28 (color photograph - Notholaena sinuata), 30, 46 (Notholaena sinuata (Lag.) Kaulf.), 51 (color photograph - Notholaena sinuata var. sinuata), 58, 63 (061007), 77, 85 (011208), 122*

Cheilanthes sinuata (see Astrolepis sinuata subsp. sinuata)

Notholaena sinuata (see Astrolepis sinuata subsp. sinuata)

Pellaea longimucronata (see Pellaea truncata)

Pellaea truncata L.N. Goodding: Spiny Cliffbrake

SYNONYMY: Pellaea longimucronata auct. non W.J. Hooker [misapplied]. COMMON NAMES: Cliff Brake; Cliff-brake Fern, Spiny Cliff-brake Spiny Cliffbrake. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen forb/herb (fronds are 4½ to 16½ inches in length), the stipes are chestnut-brown, reddish or red-brown, the blades are blue-green or gray-green. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; crevices in cliffs; crags; rocky canyons; along canyon walls; canyon bottoms; talus slopes; bases of cliffs; crevices in rocks; rock ledges; ridgelines; foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; rocky and gravelly slopes; bajadas; rock outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; bases of boulders and rocks; rocky arroyos; draws; gulches; ravines; along streams; rocky and sandy stream beds; along creeks; along and in sandy washes; drainages; by pools; bog-like areas; sandy banks; sandy benches, and riparian areas in bouldery, rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly and sandy soils; rocky loam, rocky-gravelly loam and gravelly-sandy loam soils, and rocky clay soils sometimes growing in sheltered or shaded areas, occurring from 600 to 9,200 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: This plant may be useful as an ornamental. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph), 46 (Pellaea longimucronata Hook.), 51 (color photograph), 63 (051607), 77, 85 (011208)*

Pentagramma triangularis (G.F. Kaulfuss) G.A. Yatskievych, M.D. Windham & E. Wollenweber (subsp. maxonii (C.A. Weatherby) G.A. Yatskievych, M.D. Windham & E. Wollenweber is the subspecies reported as occurring in Arizona): Maxon’s Goldback Fern

SYNONYMY: (Pityrogramma triangularis G.F. Kaulfuss var. maxonii C.A. Weatherby). COMMON NAMES: Goldback Fern, Goldfern, Maxon Goldback Fern, Maxon’s Goldback Fern, Silver Fern. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen forb/herb (fronds are 2 to 16 inches in length), the stipes are black, brown or reddish-brown and the leaf blades green above and silver, white, yellow or yellow-green below. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky cliffs; along rock faces; along bases of cliffs; rocky canyons; canyonsides; bouldery and rocky canyon bottoms; chasms; buttes; rock ledges; ridges; rock crevices; foothills; hillsides; bouldery and rocky slopes; rocky outcrops, amongst boulders and rocks; shaded areas at bases of boulders and rocks; narrow valleys; arroyos; rocky gorges; ravines; seeps; along streams, rocky stream beds; bouldery creek beds; in rocky washes; in rocky drainages; along swales; along banks of streams; sandy benches, and riparian areas often growing in sheltered or shaded areas in bouldery, rocky and sandy soils; loam soils, and clay soils occurring from 300 to 7,700 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: This plant may be useful as an ornamental. *5, 6, 15, 46, 51 (color photograph of a similar (lacks yellowish glands on the laminae) variety: Pityrogramma triangularis var. triangularis), 63 (061107), 85 (011308)*

Ptyrogramma triangularis var. maxonii (see Pentagramma triangularis subsp. maxonii)

Superdivision Spermatophyta: The Seed Plants

Division Gnetophyta: The Gnetophytes

CLASS GNETOPSIDA: The GNETOPS

Family Ephedraceae: The Mormon-tea Family

Ephedra C. Linnaeus: Jointfir

COMMON NAME: Jointfir *63 (011108), WTK (August 2007)*

Ephedra aspera G. Engelmann ex S. Watson (5): Rough Jointfir

SYNONYMY: Ephedra nevadensis S. Watson var. aspera (G. Engelmann ex S. Watson) L.D. Benson. COMMON NAMES: Aspera Mormon Tea, Boundary Ephedra, Canatillo, Canutillo, Mormon Tea, Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Joint-fir, Pitamo Real (Hispanic), Popotillo (Hispanic), Rough Jointfir, Sanguinaria, Tepopote. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen subshrub or shrub (1 to 5 feet in height, one plant reported to be 1 foot in height had a crown 4 feet in width) (6), the young dark green branches yellow with age, the production of strobili (female and male cones) generally takes place between January and June. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; along rocky canyons; rocky ledges; hills; rocky hillsides; rocky and gravelly slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; gravelly flats; along arroyos; rocky ravines; sandy stream beds; along and in rocky and gravelly washes; sandy banks; terraces, and riparian areas in bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy soils and gravelly loam soils, occurring from 1,000 to 5,900 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTES: This plant may be useful as an ornamental. The Rough Jointfir may reach full size within 20 years living to be 100 years or more in age. This plant is browsed by wildlife, including the Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis). *5, 6, 13 (Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. var. aspera (Engelm.) L. Benson), 18 (gen.), 46 (Ephedra nevadensis Wats. var. aspera (Engelm.) L. Benson), 48 (gen.), 63 (051607), 77, 85 (081407), 91 (Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S. Watson)*

Ephedra nevadensis var. aspera (see Ephedra aspera)

Division Magnoliophyta: The Flowering Plants

CLASS LILIOPSIDA: The MONOCOTS

Family Agavaceae: The Century-plant Family

Agave deserti G. Engelmann subsp. simplex H.S. Gentry (5): Desert Agave

COMMON NAMES: Agave, Amul, Desert Agave, Desert Century Plant, Single-rosette Desert Agave, Mescal. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen succulent forb/herb, subshrub or shrub (12 to 28 inches in height and 16 to 44 inches in diameter with a flowering stem reaching 7 to 23 feet in height) (6), the color of the rosettes has been reported as being bluish-green, gray, gray-green, green or light green-glaucous white, the flowers are pale greenish-yellowing opening fully to a bright yellow, flowering generally takes place between May and October. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; canyons; rock ledges; ridges; hills; rocky and gravelly slopes; rocky and gravelly bajadas; rock outcrops; plains; sandy flats; arroyos, and along drainages in rocky, gravelly and sandy soils, occurring from 500 to 5,500 feet elevation in the scrub, grassland and desertscrub ecological formation. NOTE: This plant may be useful as an ornamental. Peripheral populations have been observed growing in the shade of Foothill Paloverdes *5, 6, 13, 17, 45 (color photograph), 46, 48 (gen.), 63 (subsp. simplex H.S. Gentry is the subspecies reported as occurring in Arizona - 011308), 85 (011308), 91, WTK (June 2005)*

Yucca arizonica (see Yucca x schottii (pro sp.) [baccata x elata])

Yucca baccata var. brevifolia (see Yucca x schottii (pro sp.) [baccata x elata])

Yucca x schottii G. Engelmann (pro sp.) [baccata x elata]: Schott’s Yucca

SYNONYMY: Yucca arizonica S.A. McKelvey, Yucca baccata J. Torrey var. brevifolia (H.W. Schott ex J. Torrey) L. Benson & R.A. Darrow, Yucca thornberi S.A. McKelvey. COMMON NAMES: Arizona Yucca, Banana Yucca, Blue Yucca, Datil, Palma Criolla, Schott’s Yucca, Spanish Dagger, Thornber Yucca. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial evergreen subshrub, shrub or tree (cespitose without trunks to 10 feet in height with a flowering stalk 13 inches to 5 feet in height), the color of the leaves has been described as being blue-green, dark green or yellow-green, the flowers cream, cream-white, green-creamish-yellow with maroon-purple markings or white, flowering generally takes place between early March and early June (additional records: one for early February, one for late August, one for late September and one for early October). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mesas; canyons; canyon bottoms; bases of cliffs; knolls; ridges; ridge tops; foothills; hills; rocky hillsides; slopes; bajadas; plains; gravelly flats; valleys; arroyos; along washes, and on benches in rocky, gravelly and sandy soils and gravelly loam soils, occurring from 2,000 to 7,200 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: This plant may be useful as an ornamental. Do not confuse this plant with the Mountain Yucca, Yucca schottii auct non G. Engelmann [misapplied] which is now considered to be Yucca madrensis H.S. Gentry. *5, 6, 13 (color photograph, Yucca baccata Torrey var. brevifolia (Schott) Benson & Darrow), 15 (color photograph on back cover of Yucca thornberi in habitat), 26 (gen.), 45 (color photograph, Yucca arizonica), 46 (Yucca arizonica McKelvey, Yucca thornberi McKelvey), 48 (gen.), 58, 63 (011308), 77, 85 (011408), 91 (Yucca arizonica McKelvey), WTK (June 2005)*

Yucca thornberi (see Yucca x schottii (pro sp.) [baccata x elata])

Liliaceae: The Lily Family

Brodiaea pulchella var. pauciflorum (see Dichelostemma capitatum subsp. pauciflorum)

Dichelostemma capitatum (G. Bentham) A. Wood subsp. pauciflorum (J. Torrey) G. Keator: Bluedicks

SYNONYMY: Brodiaea pulchella (R.A. Salisbury) E.L. Greene var. pauciflorum (J. Torrey) J.S. Morton, Dichelostemma pulchellum (R.A. Salisbury) A.A. Heller var. pauciflorum (J. Torrey) R.F. Hoover. COMMON NAMES: Blue Dicks, Bluedicks, Brodiaea, Covena, Coveria, Desert Hyacinth, Few-flowered Covena, Grass Nuts, Hahd (Pima), Papago Lily, Purplehead, Wild Hyacinth. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial forb/herb (16 to 30 inches in height), the leaves are dark green, the flowers are blue, blue-lavender-purple, blue-purple, lavender, purple or white, flowering generally takes place between late January and mid-June (additional records: one record for early January, one record for mid-July, one record for mid-September and one record for early November). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; rocky mountainsides; gravelly and sandy mesas; plateaus; rocky canyons; canyon bottoms; buttes; gravelly ridges; rocky ridge tops; foothills; rocky hills; rocky and gravelly hillsides; rocky slopes; bajadas; rock outcrops; amongst rocks; plains; gravelly and sandy flats; valley floors; rocky arroyos; gulches; ravines; along streams; silty creek bottoms; rivers; rocky and sandy washes; lakes; sandy beaches; gravelly terraces; ditches; around stock tanks, and riparian areas in rocky, cindery, gravelly and sandy soils; rocky clay and clay soils; sandy loam soils, and silty soils, occurring from 1,100 to 8,600 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: This plant may be useful as an ornamental, the flowers are reportedly fragrant. *5, 6, 15, 16, 28 (color photograph - Dichelostemma pulchellum), 46 (Dichelostemma pulchellum (Salisb.) Heller var. pauciflorum (Torr.) Hoover), 58, 63 (011408), 77 (color photograph #56 and #103 labeled Dichelostemma pulchellum), 85 (011408), 86 (note - Dichelostemma pulchellum), WTK (June 2005)*

Dichelostemma pulchellum var. pauciflorum (see Dichelostemma capitatum subsp. pauciflorum)

Family Poaceae (Gramineae): The Grass Family

Andropogon barbinodis (see Bothriochloa barbinodis)

Aristida adscensionis C. Linnaeus: Sixweeks Threeawn

COMMON NAMES: Six Weeks Three Awn Grass, Sixweeks Threeawn, Six-weeks Threeawn, Six-weeks Three-awn Grass, Zacate Cola de Zorra, Zacate Tres Barbas. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual graminoid (3 to 40 inches in height), the color of this grass has been described as being bright green to yellow curing to straw, the florets are purple, flowering generally takes place between November and April, the tips of the awns may be purple. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; mountainsides; mesas; plateaus; canyons; rocky and sandy canyon bottoms; talus slopes; crevices in rocks; rocky ledges; ridge tops; foothills; rocky hills; rocky hillsides; bouldery, rocky, gravelly and sandy slopes; bajadas; rock outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; sand hills; dunes; sandy plains; sandy flats; along rocky railroad right-of-ways; along road beds; roadsides; along arroyos; rocky draws; springs; along streams; creek beds; along rivers; sandy river beds; along and in rocky, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy washes; banks of draws; terraces; bottom lands; flood plains; ditches; riparian areas; sandy waste places, and disturbed areas in bouldery, rocky, rocky-pebbly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy soils; rocky loam and rocky-gravelly loam and clayey loam soils; gravelly clay soils, and gravelly-sandy silty soils, occurring from sea level to 8,000 feet in elevation in the woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. *5, 6, 15, 16, 33, 46, 58, 63 (070207), 77, 85 (081407), 105*

Avena fatua C. Linnaeus: Wild Oat

COMMON NAMES: Flaxgrass, Oat Grass, Oatgrass, Wheat Oats, Wild Oat. DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial annual graminoid (1 to 4 feet in height), flowering generally takes place between February and July. HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from mountains; rocky canyons; rocky hillsides; rocky slopes; sandy bajadas; rock outcrops; flats; valleys; along roadsides; springs; along creeks; creek beds; along and in sandy washes; banks of rivers and washes; benches; bottom lands; flood plains; canal banks; ditches; ditch banks; riparian areas; waste places and disturbed areas in rocky and sandy soils; rocky-gravelly loam, gravelly loam and clayey loam soils, and clay soils, occurring from 400 to 8,300 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: EXOTIC Invasive Plant, this plant poses a significant threat to native habitat. Seed can remain dormant in soil for as long as 10 years. *5, 6, 15, 16, 33, 46, 63 (061207), 68, 77, 85 (081407), 101 (color photograph), WTK (June 2005)*

Bothriochloa barbinodis (M. Lagasca y Segura) W.G. Herter: Cane Bluestem

SYNONYMY: Andropogon barbinodis M. Lagasca y Segura. COMMON NAMES: Algodonero, Beard-grass, Bristlejoint Bluestem, Cane Beard Grass, Cane Beardgrass, Cane Bluestem, Feather Grass, Palmer’s Cane Bluestem, Perforated Bluestem, Pinhole Beardgrass, Pinhole Bluestem, Pitted Beardgrass, Popotillo, Silver Beardgrass; Ya-jewel-g-ute (Havasupai), Zacate Popotillo, Zacatón (Hispanic). DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial perennial graminoid (a bunchgrass (clump grass) 2 to 5 feet in height, one plant was reported to be 4 inches in width at the base), the color of the foliage has been described as being bluish-green or yellow-green curing to a dull reddish-brown or yellow, the spikelets tawny-green or tan, flowering generally takes place between mid-August and late October (note that other authors show an April or May to October flowering period). HABITAT: Within the range of this species it has been reported from rocky mountains; plateaus; along cliff faces; canyons; along bedrock, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy canyon bottoms; crevices in rocks; buttes; rocky ridges; foothills; rocky hills; rocky and gravelly hillsides; rocky, gravelly and sandy slopes; bajadas; rocky outcrops; amongst boulders and rocks; plains; gravelly flats; along gravelly roadsides; rocky arroyos; rocky chasms; seeps; springs; along sandy streams; along and in bouldery stream beds; along creeks; along and in creek beds; along rivers; bouldery-cobbly-sandy river beds; along and in rocky, rocky-gravelly, gravelly, gravelly-sandy, gravelly-loamy and sandy washes; along banks of creeks, rivers and washes; in rocky drainages; swales; rock tanks; bouldery-sandy and sandy beaches; benches; rocky and gravelly terraces; flood plains; mesquite bosques; along irrigation ditches; riparian areas, and disturbed areas in bouldery, bouldery-cobbly-sandy, bouldery-gravelly, bouldery-sandy, rocky, rocky-gravelly, cobbly-sandy, gravelly, gravelly-sandy and sandy soils; rocky loam, rocky-clayey loam, gravelly loam, gravelly-sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy-clayey loam and loam soils, and gravelly clay and clay soils, occurring from 600 to 7,000 feet in elevation in the forest, woodland, scrub, grassland, desertscrub and wetland ecological formations. NOTE: This plant may be useful as an ornamental, it is extremely drought resistant. *5, 6, 15, 16, 30, 33 (Andropogon barbinodis Lag.), 46 (Andropogon barbinodis Lag.), 48, 58, 63 (061207), 77, 85 (011608), 105 (Andropogon barbinodis Lag.)*

Bouteloua barbata var.